FROM  THE  LIBRARY  OF 
WILLIAM  A.  SETCHELL,i864-i943 

PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY 


.IOLOGY  LIBRAE 


ANICAL  EXERCISES, 


INCIUDIN 


Directions,  "Elules 


CALCULATED  TO  AID  PUPILS 


IN    THE 


WITH 


FOR  THE 

ASSISTANCE  OF 


BY  AMOS  EATON. 

44 
1WTKOK    OF    THE    MANUAL   OF    »OTAST,    BOTANICAL   DICTIONAEr,    SlC, 


ALBANY : 

PRINTED  BY  WEBSTERS  AND  SKINNERS. 


DISTRICT  OF  J\T& n>  - 
BE  IT  REMEMBERED,  That  on  the  twelfth  day  of  September, 
in  the  forty-fifth  year  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  WEBSTERS  and  SKINNERS,  of  the  said  District,  have  deposit- 
ed in  this  office,  the  title  of  a  book,  the  rig-lit  whereof  they  daim  as 
proprietors,  in  the  words  following1,  to  wit  : 

4<  Botanica1  Exercises,  including  Directions,  Rules  and  Descriptions, 
calculated  to  aid  Pupils  in  the  Analysis  of  Plants  ;  with  a  Labelling 
Catalogue,  for  the  Assistance  of  Teachers.  By  Amos  Eaton,  author 
'   of  the  Manual  of  Botany,  Botanical  Dictionary,  &c." 

In  conformity  to  the  act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  enti- 
tled "  an  act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning  by  securing  the  copies 
of  m  :,j{|,  chaws,  and  books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such, 
copies,  ouring  the  times  therein  mentioned,"  and  also  to  an  act  enti- 
tled lfla.n  act  supplementary  to  an  act  entitled  an  act  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  learning-,  by  securing  the  copies  of  maps,  charts,  and  books, 
to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein 
mentioned,  and  extending  the  benefits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  designing-, 
,  and  etching  historical  and  other  prints." 

RICHARD  R.  LANSING, 
Clerk  of  the  .V.  District  of  >Ve-m-Yorlc. 


OGY  LIBRA 


AFTER  giving  courses  of  instruction  in  Botany  to  more 
than  one  thousand  pupils,  and  after  having  made  various 
attempts  at  simplifying  the  method  of  acquiring  a  knowl- 
edge of  this  elegant  arid  useful  science  ;  J  perceive  that 
there  still  remains  one  very  great  obstacle  to  its  progress. 
Although  the  expencc  of  necessary  hooks  for  pursuing 
this  study  in  the  northern  and  middle  states  is  reduced 
to  about  three  dollars  ;  yet  our  economical  agricultural- 
ists and  mechanics  are,  and  ought  to  be,  unwilling  to  pay 
for  three  or  four  sets  of  such  books  for  the  use  of  as  many 
children. 

With  a  view  to  obviate  this  difficulty,  I  suggested  to 
one  of  m\  students  that,  as  we  exercise  our  pupils  with 
but  a  small  portion  of  the  plants  embraced  in  each  class, 
a  very  cheap  book  might  be  compiled  from  the  Manual  of 
Botany  and  the  Botanical  Dictionary  which  should  con- 
tain descriptions  of  as  many  plants  as  we  analyze  in  the 
most  extensive  courses.  He  immediately  set  about  the 
work  ;  but  soon  discovered,  that  no  subject  relating  to 
Botany  required  so  much  experience  as  that  of  making  a 

?  roper  selection  of  materials  for  the  exercises  of  students, 
have  now  gone  through  with  the  labor  myself,  and  here 
present  you  with  the  result.  The  teacher  "will  of  course 
have  other  books,  and  many  of  his  pupils  will  also  pro- 
vide themselves  with  complete  systems.  But  with  this 
book  in  the  hands  of  each  student,  one  set  of  iarger  books 
in  a  large  family,  or  even  five  or  six  to  a  school  of  twenty 
or  thirty  students,  will  enable  teachers  to  give  instruc- 
tion to  as  good  effect,  as  though  each  student  possessed  a 
complete  Botanical  Library. 

About  three  fourths  of  plants  collected  by  students  must 
be  labelled  tor  the  herbarium  from  the  mere  dictum  of  the 
teacher.  The  remainder  should  be  analyzed  by  the  stu- 
dents in  the  usual  way  at  stated  examinations.  After  a 
student  has  made  up  an  herbarium  of  a  few  hundred  spe- 
cies, and  been  well  exercised  in  this  abridged  system, 
no  further  instruction  will  ever  be  required.  He  will  then 
be  able  to  analyze  plants  with  the  Manual  or  with  any 
ether  system. 

M246597 


TO  TEACHERS 


preftxed  upon  the  plan  of  Dr. 
E.  James'  FIRST  LESSONS  :  and  a  vocabulary  is  annex- 
ed, \\hich  embraces  all  the  terms  used  in  this  book.  To 
assist  the  pupil  in  spelling  the  name  to  be  written  on  a  la- 
bel, and  in  setting  the  right  class  and  order  and  natural 
order  upon  the  corners  of  the  label,  a  Labelling*  Catalogue 
of  all  the  genera,  growing  in  the  northern  and  middle 
states,  with  their  respective  species  subjoined,  is  annexed 
at  the  end  of  the  exercises  in  the  genera. 

The  names,  numbers  and  properties  of  the  natural  or- 
ders, and  the  rules  for  distinguishing  poisonous  plants, 
are  inserted  ;  and  the  former  are  referred  to  from  the  la- 
belling catalogue, 

I  v.  ill  take  the  liberty  here  to  give  you  my  opinion  res- 
pecting several  late  elementary  publications  on  botany. 
Locke's  elementary  work,  published  at  Boston,  1 81.9,  with 
plates,  is  -in  excellent  elementary  school  book.  It  is  very 
cheap  in  proportion  to  its  value.  Sumner's  elementary 
work,  published  at  Hartford,  1820,  with  plates,  is  con- 
structed upon  a  more  extensive  plan  than  Mr.  Locke's.  It 
contains  a  digest  of  most  of  the  modern  elementary  works 
on  botany,  lately  published  in  Europe.  Both  of  these  au- 
thors have  very  judiciously  taken  Smith's  Elements  for 
their  model  and  standard  authority. 

1  should  not  omit  to  mention  a  very  meritorious  little 
work,  entitled  a  BOTANICAL  CATECHISM,  published  at 
Northampton,  1819.  It  contains  34  pages,  written  in  the 
manner  of  question  and  answer,  and  embraces  all  the  es- 
sential principles  of  practical  Botany.  It  is  the  best  book 
for  very  young  students,  particularly  for  ladies'  schools, 
which  has  appeared.  It  was  written  by  Miss  Jane  K. 
Welch,  of  Northampton,  Mass. 

The  very  able  productions  of  Muhlenbcrg,  Elliot,  Bar- 
ton, Pursh,  Torry.  Bigelow  and  Nuttall,  are  too  well 
known  to  require  additional  notices.  This  little  book  of 
exercises  is  intended  for  preparing  students  to  study  any 
or  all  of  them,  as  well  as  the  works  of  Linneus,  Persoon,. 
Michaux,  Smith  and  others,  with  pleasure  and  profit. 

Mvice  respecting  the  method  of  conducting  a  course  of  Bo- 
tanical instruction. 

At  your  introductory  lecture,  it  is  advisable  to.  point  out 
flic  plan  and  object  of  your  course.  This  should  be  Ulus- 


OF  BOTANY.  3 

trated  by  analyzing  a  plain,  simple  flower/  with  which 
each  of  your  auditors  should  b'e  supplied.  Let  them  be 
shewn  the  method  by  which  you  arrive  at  the  generic 
name  and  general  properties  of  the  plant  by  merely  in- 
specting its  flower.  Inform  them  of  the  fact,  that  ai- 
t hough  several  hard  terms  are  used  in  this  analysis,  it  is 
not  necessary  ever  to  encumber  the  memory  with  but  ve- 
ry few  of  them.  That  the  language  of  Botany  is  so  defi- 
nite and  precise,  that  few  terms  are  sufficient  for  distin- 
guishing any  one  plant  from  all  others,  which  are  readi- 
ly looked  out  in  a  Botanical  Dictionary,  or  other  vocabu- 
lary, while  we  are  going  on  with  the  analysis.  The  un- 
reasonable horrors  excited  by  our  forbidding  terminology 
will  thus  be  removed  $  and  your  hearers  will  perceive  the 
object  of  the  science,  so  far  as  to  be  able  to  judge  of  the 
expediency  of  patronizing  you. 

During  the  course  it  is  advisable  to  have  your  lectures 
and  examination  exercises  alternate  with  each  other. 
Perhaps  the  former  at  7  or  8  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and 
the  latter  at  5  or  6  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  At  your  ex- 
amination meetings,  always  have  the  whole  class  analyze 
two  or  three  of  the  plants  described  in  these  exercises. 
Give  each  a  few  flowers  of  the  same  kind,  and  assure  them 
it  is  contained  somewhere  in  this  book.  Then  let  each 
pursue  the  search  alone,  and  shew  you  the  supposed 
name,  without  making  it  known  to  the  members  of  the 
class. 

At  every  examination  exercise  question  all  the  mem- 
bers of  the  class,  (except  those  whom  you  excuse  on  ac- 
cou nt  of  age  or  for  other  reasons)  upon  subjects  previous- 
ly explained.  Let  the  remainder  of  the  time  be  spent  in 
labelling  plants  for  the  herbarium  from  your  dictum.  Be. 
sure  to  have  every  student  make  an  herbarium  containing 
both  exotic  and  indigenous  plants,  and  cause  all  the  plants 
to  be  neatly  preserved,  and  very  small  labels  to  be  loop- 
ed upon  each  specimen. 

At  your  lecture  exercise,  explain  the  elementary  organs 
and  illustrate  them  by  specimens — also  the  subdivisions 
of  the  calyx,  corol,  stamen,  pistil  and  pericarp.  But 
confine  several  of  your  first  lectures  to  the  illustration  of 
the  classes  and  orders — taking  no  further  notice  of  the 
subdivisions  of  the  elementary  organs,  than  is  essential 
to  these  illustrations.  Never  detain  your  students  one 

AS 


6  TO  TEACHERS 

moment  with  the  study  of  elementary  terms,  separately 
from  the  anlysis  of  plants.  When  a  term  occurs,  which  is 
essential  to  their  progress,  stop  and  explain  it.  Remem- 
ber that  you  are  to  teach  the  science  of  plants  ;  and  that 
technical  names  are  hut  a  necessary  incumbrance,  always 
to  be  avoided  when  it  is  possible  to  dispense  with  them. 
After  your  students  have  made  considerable  progress  in 
analyzing  plain  simple  plants,  your  lectures  should  com- 
mence with  those  families  of  plants  whose  descriptions  re- 
quire a  peculiar  application  of  the  language  of  Botany. 
For  example,  the  proper  grasses  are  chiefly  distinguish- 
ed by  the  number  of  flowers  to  each  glume  calyx,  forms 
of  valves,  spikelets,  &c.  Plants  of  the  1st  section  of  the  1st 
order,  of  the  5th  class,  by  the  form  and  throat  of  the  corol, 
&c.  The  umbelliferous  plants  by  the  fruit.  The  plants 
of  the  14th  class  by  the  form  of  the  lips  of  the  corol.  Plants 
of  the  18th  class  by  the  calyx,  egret  and  receptacle,  &c. 
Every  thing  which  requires  a  departure  from  the  plain, 
simple  course  of  analysis  in  the  most  simple  flowers,  should 
he  explained  in  your  lectures  and  illustrated  by  speci- 
mens. 

The  physiology  of  vegetation  requires  very  little  labor 
and  still  less  experience.  It  is  therefore  harped  upon  by 
every  ignorant  blockhead,  who  can  read  a  book  and  tran- 
scribe its  contents,  i  advise  you  not  to  give  more  than  four 
or  five  lectures  in  a  whole  course,  relating  to  that  sub- 
ject. And  let  these  embrace  subjects  the  most  essential 
to  your  purpose.  Make  practical  botanists  of  your  pu- 
pils, and  they  can  then  read  physiological  botany  in  their 
closets  to  advantage. 

I  have  found  no  exercise  so  effectual  as  that  of  writing 
out  full  descriptions  of  plants.  Direct  your  pupils  each  to 
select  a  plant,  and  to  bring  in  the  specimen  with  a  writ- 
ten description  for  your  examination.  Let  the  order  of 
the  description  follow  the  arrangement  adopted  in  the 
grammar.  First  the  kind  of  calyx,  next  the  corol,  &c. 
proceeding  to  the  appendages.  By  this  exercise,  habits 
of  accuracy  will  be  acquired,  which  you  can  never  incul- 
cate by  any  other  method. 

No  particular  mode  of  questioning  pupils  is  necessary 
to  be  prescribed.  The  proper  questions  will  naturally 
present  themselves  to  every  reflecting  teacher.  Perhaps 
the  following  specimens  may  not  be  useless. 


OF  BOTANY.  7 

A  Precedent  for  questioning  respecting  Classes. 

Teacher.  On  what  organs  are  the  characters  of  the 
classes  founded  ? 

Pupil.    The  stamens,  excepting  the  22d  class. 

T.  What  circumstances  respecting  these  organs  ar& 
noticed  in  distinguishing  the  classes  ? 

P.  Number,  proportion,  connexion  and  position. 

T.  What  classes  are  characterized  by  number  only  { 

P.  The  eleven  first  classes. 

T.  Which  by  number  and  position  ? 

P.  The  twelfth  and  thirteenth. 

T.  Which  by  number  and  proportion  ? 

P.  The  fourteenth  and  fifteenth. 

T.  Which  by  connexion  only  ? 

P.  The  sixteenth  and  seventeenth. 

T.  Which  by  number  and  connexion  ? 

P.  The  eighteenth. 

T.  Which  by  position  only  ? 

P.  The  nineteenth,  twentieth  and  twenty-first. 

T.  How  are  plants  of  the  22d  class  distinguished  from 
the  other  classes  ? 

P.  By  general  family  habits. 

Questions  upon  the  orders,  &c.  may  be  arranged  upon 
the  same  principle  ;  and  these  greatly  extended. 

A  Precedent  for  questioning  in  the  Analysis  of  Plants. 
The  common  Mullein. 

T.  To  what  class  does  it  belong  ?  Why  ?  TQ  what  or- 
der ?  Why  ?  To  what  section  ?  What*  is  the  generic 
name  ?  [suppose  the  answer  is  verbascum]  Why  is  the 
corol  wheel-form  ?  \Vhat  do  you  mean  by  irregular  ?  How 
are  the  stamens  declined  ?  Shew  me  the  cells  and  valves  of 
the  capsule. 

NOTE. — There  are  frequent  cases  where  characters  are 
given  which  cannot  present  themselves  at  the  first  flow- 
ering ;  as  in  the  mullein  the  inflexed  edges  of  the  valves 
will  not  appear.  In  most  cases  of  this  kind,  there  will  be 
found  matured  capsules,  &c.  while  some  flowers  are  still  in 
bloom  on  the  same  plant.  But  there  are  cases  where  the 
description  drawn  from  the  matured  state  of  the  organ  is 
a  factitious,  not  an  essential  character.  Factitious" char- 
acters often  assist  us  by  directing  to  the  proper  course 


ft  TO  TEACHERS,  &c» 

of  investigation  by  some  striking  part.  At  other  times 
they  assist  in  determining  the  plant  after  its  flowering  is 
past.  But  the  essential  characters  must  always  be  made 
out,  before  we  venture  to  name  our  plant. 

T.  Which  species  of  the  vcrbascum  is  this  ?  [suppose  the 
answer  is  thapsus,  which  species  will  be  found  described 
under  the  generic  name  verbascum,  in  tSie  labelling  cata*- 
logue.]  What  do  you  understand  by  a  decurrent  leaf? 
Point  out  the  down  on  the  leaves.  Why  do  you  consider 
the  inflorescence  a  cylindric  spike  ?  Turn  to  the  natural 
order  of  Linneus  to  which  this  plant  belongs.  What  am 
the  general  medical  properties  of  that  order  ?  Turn  to  the 
vocabulary  and  see  whatis  meant  by  narcotic  and  what  by 
antiscorbutic. 

INoTE. — In  labelling  plants,  the  artificial  class  and  or- 
der, and  the  numbers  of  the  natural  orders  of  both  Linne- 
us and  Jussieu  should  be  written  on  the  labels  in  the  order 
in  which  they  stand  in  the  labelling  catalogue.  Because 
every  botanist  may  have  occasion  to  arrange  plants  by  all 
these  methods.  The  artificial  method  is  best,  when  we  in- 
tend an  herbarium  for  an  assistant  in  looking  out  plants. 
The  natural  orders  of  Linneus  and  Jussieu  will  bring  to- 
gether plants  of  similar  habits  and  properties.  Jussieu's 
method  is  merely  an  improvement  upon  that  of  Linneus, 
by  a  subdivision'of  some  of  the  orders  of  Linneus,  Med- 
ical students  should  arrange  their  plants  by  one  of  these 
natural  methods.  Or  if  they  could  spare  time  to  collect 
duplicates,  so  as  to  arrange  one  set  by  the  artificial  clas- 
ses, and  another  by  one  of  the  natural  methods,  it  would 
be  still  more  convenient. 

It  seems  to  be  a  prevailing  opinion  among  those  \vho 
have  no  experience  in  this  science,  that  access  to  a  Botan- 
ieaigcu'dcii  is  necessary  fora  student  in  botany.  This  is  a 
great  mistake.  A  Botanical  garden  is  convenient  for  cul- 
tivating plants,  and  is  a  pleasant  acquisition  to  a  medical 
institution  ;  but  every  experienced  teacher  would  prefer 
wild  plants,  selected  from  the  fields  and  forests^  for  the 
.purpose  of  instructing  his  pupils. 

Troy,  Sept.  1st,  1820. 


ELEMENTARY  ORGANS. 

Every  plant  is  either  Phenogamous,  or  Cryptogamous. 

Phenogamous  plants  have  their  stamens  and  pistils 
sufficiently  manifest  lor  examination. 

Cryptogamous  plants  either  lose  the  staminate  organs 
before  they  become  manifest,  or  they  are  too  minute  for 
inspection. 

The  Classes9  Orders  and  Genera  of  the  Linnean  system, 
are  founded  wholly  on  the  seven  elementary  organs  of 
fructification. 

These  are, 

1.  Calyx.    The  outer  or  lower  part  of  the  flower,  gener- 
ally not  coloured.* 

2.  Carol.    The  coloured  blossom,  within  or   above  the 
calyx. 

3.  Stamens.    The  mealy  or  glutinous  knobs  in  the  flower, 
with  or  without  filamentous  organs. 

4.  Pistil.    The  central  organ  of  the  flower,  whose  base 
becomes  the  pericarp  and  seed. 

5.  Pericarp.     The  covering  of  the  seed,  whether  pod, 
shell,  bag,  or  pulpy  substance. 

6.  Seed.    The  essential  part  containing  the  rudiment  of 
a  new  plant. 

7.  Receptacle.  The  base  which  sustains  the  other  six  parts, 
being  at  the  end  of  the  flower-stem. 

SUBDIVISIONS  OF  THE  CALYX. 

Every  Calyx  is  either  monophyllous,  consisting  of  one 
leaf;  or  polyphyllous,  consisting  of  more  than  one  leaf. 

1.  Perianth.    That  calyx  which  adjoins  and  surrounds 
the  other  parts  of  the  flower,  as  of  the  apple,  rose,  &c. 
About  two  thirds  of  all  plants  have  perianths. 

2.  Involucre.    That  calyx  which  comes  out  at  some  dis- 
tance below  the  flower,  and  never  encloses  it.    It  is 

*  In  the  language  of  Botany,  any  part  of  a  plant  is  not  coloured 
when  it  is  green  ;  us  the  calyx  of  the  apple  is  said  not  to  be  coloured, 
because  it  is  green  ;  and  Uut  of  the  nusturiioii  is  coloured,  because 
H  ia  not  green. 


10  GRAMMAR  OF 

commonly  at  the  origin  of  the  peduncles  of  umbels,  and 
sometimes  attached  to  other  aggregate  flowers. 

Involucres  are  either  universal,  placer!  at  the  origin 
of  the  universal  umbel,  as  in  caraway,  lovage,  &c. ;  or 
partial,  placed  at  the  origin  of  a  particular  umbel,  as 
in  coriander  5  or  proper,  placed  beneath  a  single  flower. 

3.  Spathe.     A  kind  of  membrane,  which  at  first  encloses 
the  flower,  and  after  it  expands   is  left  at  a  distance 
below  it,  as  daffodil,  onion,  Indian  turnip. 

4.  Glume,    That  kind  of  calyx  which  is  composed  of  one 
two,  or  three  valves  or  scales,  commonly  transparent 
at  margin,    and  often  terminated  by  a  long  awn    or 
beard.     All  grasses  have  glume  calyxes. 

5.  Jlment.     An  assemblage  of  flower-bearing  scales,  ar- 
ranged on  a  slender  thread  or  receptacle ;  each  scale 
generally  constituting  the  lateral  calyx  of  a  flower,  as 
in  the  willow,  chesnut,  pine,  &c. 

6.  Caiyptre.    The  cap  or  hood  of  pistillate  mosses,  res- 
embling in  form  and  position  an  extinguisher  set  on  a 
candle.     Conspicuous  in  the  common  hair-cap  moss. 

7.  Volva.    The  ring  or  wrapper  at  first  enclosing  the 
nileus  or  head  of  a  fungus ;  and  which,  after  the  plant 
has  arrived  to  maturity,  contracts  and  remains  on  the 
stem  or  at  the  root. 

SUBDIVISIONS  OF  THE  COROL. 

Everycorol  is  either  riionopetalous,  consisting  of  one 
petal  or  flower-leaf;  or  polypetalous,  consisting  of  more 
than  one. 

Jlonopetalous  Cords  are, 

1.  Bell-form.    Hollowed  out  within  the  base,  and  general- 
ly diverging  upwards,  as  Canterbury  bells,  gentian.  Ace. 

2.  Funnd-Jorm.    With  a  tubular  base,  and  the  border 
opening  gradually  in  the  form  of  a  tunnel,  as  the  thorn- 
apple,  morning-glory. 

3.  Salver-form.    Having  a  flat  spreading  limb  or  border, 
proceeding  from  the  top  of  a  tube,  as  lilac,  trailing  arbu- 
tus, &c. 

4.  Wheel-form.    Having  a  spreading  border  without  a 
tube,  or  with  an  exceeding  short  one,  as  borage,  laurel. 

5.  Labiate    A  labiate  corol  is  divided  into  two  general 
parts,  somewhat  resembling  the  lips  of  a  horse  or  other 
animal    Labiate  corols  are  either  personate,  (with  \\& 


BOTANY.  u 

throat  muffled,)  *is  snap-dragon  ;  or  ringent,  (with  the 
throat  open,)  as  mint,  motherwort,  catnip,  monkey- 
flower. 

Polypetalous  Carols  are, 

1.  Cruciform.     Consisting  of  four  equal  petals  spreading 
out  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  as  radish,  cabbage,  mustard, 
&c. 

2.  Caryophylleons.    Having  five  single  petals,  each  term- 
inating in  a  long  claw,  enclosed  in  a  tubular  calyx,  as 
pink,  catchfly,  cockle,  &c. 

3.  Liliaceous.    A  corol  with  six  petals,  spreading  gradual- 
ly from  the  base,  so  as  altogether  to  exhibit  a  bell-form 
appearance,  as  tulip,  lily,  &c. 

4.  Rosaceous    A  corol  formed  of  roundish  spreading  pe- 
tals without  claws,  or  with  extremely  short  ones,  as 
rose,  apple,  strawberry,  &c. 

5.  Papilionaceous.    A  flower  which  consists  of  a  banner, 
two  wings  and  a  keel,  as  pea,  clover,  &c. 

If  a  corol  agrees  with  none  of  the  above  descriptions 
it  is  called  anomalous. 

SuBDIVISIOJiMF   THE    STAMEN. 

1.  Anther.    The  knob  of  the  stamen,  which  contains  the 
pollen ;  very  conspicuous  in  the  lily,  &c.  Never  wanting. 

2.  Pollen.    The  dusty  or  mealy  substance  contained  in  the 
anthers.    Never  wanting. 

3.  Filament.    That  part  of  the  stamen  which  connects 
the  anther  with  the  receptacle,  calyx,  or  pistil.   Often 
wanting. 

SUBDIVISIONS  OF  THE  PISTIL. 

1.  Stigma.    The  organ  which  terminates  the  pistil ;  very 
conspicuous  in  the  lily,  and  hardly  distinguishable  in 
the  Indian  corn.    Never  wanting. 

2.  Germ.    That  part  of  the  pistil  which  in  maturity  be- 
comes the  pericarp  and  the  seed,  as  in  the  cherry,  pom- 
pion.    Never  wanting. 

3.  Style.    That  part  of  the  pistil  which  connects  the  stig- 
ina  and  the  germ  :  very  conspicuous  in  the  lily.  Want- 
ing in  the  tulip  and  some  other  flowers. 

SUBDIVISIONS  OF  THE  PERICARP. 
1.  Silique.    That  kind  of  pod  which  has  a  longitudinal 
partition,  with  the  seeds  attached  alternately  to  its  op- 
posite edges,  as  radish,  cabbage,  &c. 


12  GRAMMAR  OF 

2.  Legume.   Apod  without  a  longitudinal  partition,  with 
the  seeds  attached  to  one  suture  only,  as  the  pea,  &c. 

3.  Capsule.     That    kind  of  pericarp  which   opens  by 
valves  or  pores  and  becomes  dry  when  ripe,  as  the  pop- 
py, which  opens  by  pores,  and  the  mullein  by  valves. 

4.  Drupe-  That  kind  of  pericarp  which  consists  of  a  thick 
fleshy  or  cartilaginous  coat  enclosing  a  nut  or  stone, 
as  in  the  cherry,  in  which  it  is  said  to  be  berry-like,  and 
in  the  walnut,  where  it  is  dry. 

5.  Pome.    A  pulpy  pericarp  without  valves,  which  con- 
tains within  it  a  capsule,  as  apples,  quinces,  &c. 

6.  Berry-    A  pulpy  pericarp  enclosing  seeds  v\ithout  any 
capsule,  as  currant,  grape,  cucumber,  melon. 

".  Strobile.  An  ament  with  woody  scales,  as  the  fruit  of 
the  pine. 

SUBDIVISIONS  OF  THE  SEED. 

1.  Cotyledon.    The  thick  fleshy    lobes  of  seeds  ;  very 
manifest  in  beans,  whose  cotyledons  grow  out  of  the 
ground  in  the  form  of  two  large  suculent  leaves.    Many 
plants,  as  Indian  corn,  wheat,  the  grasses,  &c.  have 
hut  one  cotyledon. 

2.  Corcle.    The   rudiment  of  the  future  plant,  always 
proceeding  from  the  cotyledon  :  easily  distinguished  in 
chesnuts,  acorns,  &c. 

5.  Tegument.  The  skin  or  bark  of  seeds,  it  separates 
from  pease,  beans,  Indian  corn,  &c.  on  boiling. 

4.  Hilum.  The  external  mark  or  scar  on  seeds,  by  which 
they  were  affixed  to  their  pericarps.  In  beans,  and  the 
like,  it  is  called  the  eye. 

SUBDIVISIONS  OF  THE  RECEPTACLE. 

.1.  Proper.    That  which  belongs  to  one  flower  only. 

2.  Common.    That  which  connects  several  distinct  flo- 
rets, as  m  the  sunflower,  daisy,  teasel. 

3.  Rachis.    The  filiform  receptacle,  connecting  the  flo- 
rets in  a  spike,  as  in  the  heads  of  wheat. 

4.  Columella.    The  central  column  in  a  capsule  to  which 
the  seeds  are  attached. 

5.  Spadix.    An  elongated  receptacle  proceeding  from  a 
spathe,  as  Indian  turnip. 

GENERAL  DIVISIONS  OF  FLOWERS. 
1.  Simple.    Having  a  single  flower  on  a  receptacle,  as  in 
the  quince,  tulip,  &c. 


BOTANY.  13 

2.  Aggregate.  Having  on  the  same  receptacle,  several 
flowers,  whose  anthers  are  not  united,  as  teasel,  button- 
bush,  &c. 

S.  Compound.  Having  several  florets  on  the  same  re- 
ceptade,  with  their  anthers  united,  as  sun-flower,  chi- 
na-aster, &c. 

4.  Staminate.    Having  stamens  only,  as  those  In  the  tas- 
sels of  Indian  corn. 

5.  Pistillate.    Having  pistils  only,  as  the  fertile  flower  of 
the  cucumber. 

ft.  Perfect-     Having  both  stamens  and  pistils. 
7.  Neutral.    Having  neither  stamens  nor  pistils. 

INFLORESCENCE. 

The  manner  in  which  Flowers  are  situated  on  Plants. 

1.  Whorl.    In  which  the  flowers  grow  around  the  stem 
in  rings  one  above  another,  as  mothenvort,  catnip. 

2.  Raceme.     Having  the  florets  on   short  pedicels,  ar- 
ranged along  a  general  peduncle,  as  currants. 

3.  Panicle.    Having  some  of  the  pedicels,  along  the  gen- 
eral peduncle  of  the  raceme,  divided,  as  in  oats. 

4.  Thyrse.    A  panicle  contracted  into  a  compact,  some- 
what ovate  form,  as  in  lilac. 

5.  Spike.    Having  the  florets  sessile,  or  nearly  so,  on  the 
elongated  general  receptacle,  as  wheat,  mullein,  &c. 

6.  Umbel.    Having  the  flower-stems  diverging  from  one 
place  like  the  braces  of  an  umbrella,  bearing  florets  on 
their -extremities,  as  carrot,  dill,  fennel,  &c. 

7.  Cyme.     It  agrees  with  the  umbel  in    having  its  gene- 
ral flower-stems  spring  from  one  centre,  but  differs  in 
having  those  steins  irregularly  subdivided,  as  clder,&c. 

8  Corymb-  In  the  corymb  the  peduncles  take  their  rise 
from  different  heights  along  the  main  stem  5  but,  the 
lower  tines  being  longer,  they  form  nearly  a  level  top, 
as  yarrow. 

9.  Fascicle.  In  general  external  appearance  i<  resembles 
the  umbel,  but~the  foot-stalks  arf  irregular  in  their  ori- 
gin and  subdivisions,  as  sweet-william. 

10  Head.  In  this  the  flowers  are  heaped  together  in  a 
globular  form  without  peduncles,  or  with  very  short 
ones,  as  clover. 

B 


14  GRAMMAR    OF 

ROOTS  AND  HERBAGE. 

The  substance  of  Roots  and  Herbage  consists  of: 

1.  Cuticle.    The  thin  outside  coat  of  the  bark,   which 
seems  to  he  without  life,  and  often  transparent.     Very 
conspicuous  on  some  kinds  of  hirch,  cherry,  currant- 
bushes.  &c. 

2.  Cellular  integuinent.    The    parenchymous  substance 
between  the  cuticle  anO   bark,  often  green.    Easily 
seen  in  the  elder,  &c.  after  removing  the  cuticle. 

3.  Bark.     The  inner  strong  fibrous  part  of  the  covering 
of  vegetables. 

4.  Cairib.    The  mucilaginous  or  gelatinous  substance, 
which,  in  the  spring  of  the  year,  abounds  between  the 
bark  and  the  wood  of  trees. 

5.  Wood.    The  most  solid  part  of  the  trunks  and  roots  of 
herbs  and  trees. 

6.  Pith.    The  spongy  substance  in  the  centre  of  the  sterns 
and  roots  of  most  plants.    Large  in  the  elder. 

ROOTS  are  the  descending  parts  of  vegetables,  and  are 
annual,  biennial9  or  perennial.  They  are  of  sevei* 
kinds. 

1.  Branching.    Having  the  whole  root  divided  into  parts 
as  it  proceeds  now  n  wards,  as  the.  oak,  apple-tree,  &c. 

2.  Fibrous.    The  whole  root  consisting  of  filiform  parts, 
originating  immediately  from  the  base  of  the  stem,  as 
many  of  the  grasses. 

3.  Creeping.    Extending  itself  horizontally,  and  sending 
out  fibrous  radicles,  as  gill-overground,  mint,  &c. 

4.  Spindle.    Thick  at  the  top,  and  tapering  downward, 
as  carrot,  parsnip,  &c. 

5.  Tuberous.    Roots  which  are  thick  and  fleshy,  but  not 
of  any  regular  globular  form.    They  are  knobbed,  as 
the  potatoe  :  oval,  as  those  of  orchis  ;  abrupt,  as  the 
birdsfoot-violet ;  or fascicled,  as  asparagus. 

6.  Bulbous.     Fleshy  and  spherical.      They  are    either 
solid,  as  the  turnip ;  coated,  as  the  onion  \  or  scaly,  as 
the  garden  lily. 

7.  Granulated.  "  Consisting  of  several  little  knobs  in  the 
form  of  grains,  strung  together  along  the  sides  of  a 
filiform  radicle,  as  the  wood-sorrel. 


BOTANY.  15 

HERBAGE  is  all  the  pi  ant  except  the  root  and  fructification. 
It  includes  stem,  leaves  and  appendages. 

STEMS. 

1.  Tidge.    The  ascending  herbage-bearing  trunk  or  stem 
of  all  phenogamous  plants,  except  the  grasses,   as  the 
trunk  of  the  oak,  the  grape  vine,  the  mullein  stalk. 

2.  Culm.    The  stalk  or  stem  of  the  grasses,  as  wheat- 
straw,  sugar-cane,  &c. 

3.  Scape.    That  kind  of  flower-bearing  stem  which  springs 
immediately  from  the  root,  and  is  destitute  of  leaves, 
as  dandelion. 

4.  Peduncle.    The  flower-bearing  stem   which  springs 
from  any  part  of  the  stem  or  branches,  as  apple,  cucum- 
ber, &c. 

5.  Petiole.    The  foot-stalk  of  the  leaf. 

6.  Frond.    Applied  entirely  to  i  ryptogamous  plants.    It 
includes  the  herbaceous,   leathery,  crustaceous,  or  ge- 
latinous substance,  from  which  the  fruit  is  produced. 

7.  Stipe.     The  stem  of  a  fern,  of  a  fungus,  of  compound 
egret,  and  of  a  pericarp  when  elevi'Jed  from  the  recep- 
tacle, as  of  maiden-hair  ;  of  a  mushroom  ;  of  a  dande- 
lion;  and  of  spurge  caper. 

LEAVES  are  evergreen  or  deciduous. 
FOHMS  OF  SIMPLE  LEAVES. 

1.  Orbicular.    Nearly  circular,  as  the  leaves  of  red  clo- 
ver, of  cabbage,  &c. 

2.  Ovate.   Resembling  the  longitudinal  section  of  an  egg. 
the  base  being  broader  than   the  extremity.     One  of 
the  most  common  forms  of  leaves. 

3.  Oval.     Differing  from  ovate  in  having  both  ends  equal 
in  breadth. 

4.  Oblong.    The  length  more  than  twice  the  breadth,  and 
the  sides  somewhat  parallel. 

5.  Obovate.     Ovate  with  the  narrowest  end  towards  the 
stem,  as  those  of  primrose  and  daisy 

6.  Cordate.     Heart-shaped,  the  hind-lobes  being  rounded, 
as  lilac. 

7.  Obcordate.    Cordate,  with  the  apex  or  narrowest  end 
towards  the  stem. 


16  GRAMMAR  OF 

8.  Kidney-form.    Hollowed  in  at  the  base,  with  rounded 
lobes  and  rounded  ends,  as  mallows. 

9.  Lanceolate.     In  the  form  of  the  ancient  lance,  tapering 
from  near  the  base  to  the  apex,  and  of  some  length,  as 
the  leaves  of  most  of  the  willows,  of  ribwort,  &c. 

10.  Linear.     Continuing  of  the same  width  through  near- 
ly the  whole  length  ;  usually  pointed  at  one  or  both  ends. 

11.  Awlform.     Linear  at  the  base,  and  becoming  more  or 
less  curved  at  the  point. 

12.  Acuminate.     Any  kind  of  leaf  terminating    more  or 
less  suddenly  in  a  point  turned  towards  one  edge  of  the 
leaf. 

13.  Arrow-form.  Shaped  like  an  arrowhead  | differing  from 
cordate  in  having  the  hind-lobes  more  or  less  acute. 

14.  Matuert-J'onn.  Hastate.  Shaped  like  an  halbert,  as  iield 
sorrel,  creeping  snapdragon. 

1 5.  6r .,'  itur-jbrM.    Oblong,  broadish  near  the  base  and  con- 
tracted at  I  he  sides. 

10*  Lobed.  Deeply  parted,  and  the  divisions  large,  with 
rounded  sides  or  ends, 

17.  Palmate.    Resembling  the   hand   with    the    fingers 
spread,  as  horse-chesnut. 

18.  Pedatei    Resembling  a  bird's  foot. 

19.  Sitmate.    Having  the  mtii-gin  hollowed  with  deep  sin- 
uses or  hays. 

2J.  Pinntttifid,  Divided  transversely  by  deep  incisions, 
not  extending  to  the  midrib. 

21.  Lyrate.     Pmnatifid,  with  the  largest  division  at  the 
apex,  and  diminishing  from  thence  to  the  base,  as  hedge- 
mustard. 

22.  Runcinate.     Pinnatifid,  with   the  divisions  pointing 
backwards,  as  dandelion. 

EDGES  OF  LEAVES. 

9,3.  Serrate.  Having  sharp  notches  resembling  saw-teeth 
along  the  margin,  and  pointing  towards  the  apex,  as 
those  of  cherry-trees,  roses,  &c. 

24.  Toothed.    Having  projections  from  the  margin  of  its 
own  substance,  which  are  neither  serratures,  nor  cren- 
atures,  as  those  of  blue-bottle. 

25.  Crenate.     Having  uniform  notches  on  the  margin  of 
the  leaf,  which  do  not  incline  either  towards  the  apex* 
or  the  base,  as  gill-overground. 


BOTANY.  17 

ENDS  OF  LEAVES. 

26.  Emarginate.  Notched  at  the  termination  of  the  midrib. 

27.  Refuse.    Emarginate  with  a  shallow  sinus. 

28.  Obtuse.    Having  the  apex  of  the  leaf  more  or  less 
rounded. 

29.  JHcute.    Terminating  in  an  angle,  that  is  not  rounded. 

SURFACES  OF  LEAVES. 

1.  Hairy,    Having  distinct  strait  hairs. 

2.  Downy.     Covered  with  fine  cotton-like  down. 

3.  Silky.     Covered  with  soft  close-pressed  hairs. 

4.  Bristly.     Set  with  stiff  hairs. 

5.  Ciliate.    Edged  With  parallel  hairs  of  bristles,  resem- 
bling eye-lashes. 

6.  Nerved.    Furnished  with  midrib-like  fibres  running 
from  the  base  to  the  apex. 

7.  Veined.    Having  tendinous  fibres  variously  branched. 

POSITIONS  OF  LEAVES. 

1.  Dectirrent.    When  two  edges  of  the  leaf  extend  along* 
the  stem  below  the  place  of  insertion* 

2.  Clasping.     Sessile  with  the  base  more  or  less  heart- 
form,  so  as  entirely  or  in  part  to  surround  the  stem. 

3.  Sheathing.    With  the  leaf  prolonged  down  the  stem,  so 
as  to  cover  it,  in  the  manner  of  the  grasses. 

4.  Ferfoliate.    Having  the  stem  passing  through  the  leaf. 

5.  Connate.    Leaves  opposite,  with  then-bases  united. 

6.  Peltate.     With  the  foot  -stalk  attached  to  the  lower  side 
of  the  leaf,  so  as  to  resemble  a  shield. 

7.  Opposite.    Standing  at  the  same  height  with  base  a- 
gainst  base. 

8*  Whorled.     Surrounding  the  stem  in  horizontal  rings  or 
rows. 

9.  Imbricate.    Lying  over  each  other  like  shingles  on  a 
roof. 

10.  Fascicled.    Growing  in  bunches  from  the  same  point. 

11.  Radical.    Proceeding  immediately  from  the  root. 

COMPOUND  LEAVES. 

K  Ternate.    Having  three  leafets  proceeding  from   the 
end  of  one  petiole. 

2.  alternate.     Twice  ternate;  when  the  petiole  is  ternatej. 
and  each  division  bears  three  leafets. 

3.  Triternate.    Three  times  ternate. 


18  GRAMMAR  OF 

4.  Pinnate.    With  distinct  leafets  arranged  on  opposite 
sides  of  the  same  petiole,  as  locust. 

5.  Hi-pinnate    Twice  pinnate. 

6.  Tripinnate.    Thrice  pinnate. 

7.  Interruptedly -pinnate.    Having  smaller  leafets  dispers- 
ed among  the  larger,  as  potatoe. 

APPENDAGES. 

t.  Stipule.  A  leafet  or  scale  at  or  near  the  hasc  of  a  peti- 
ole. 

3.  Bract.  A  leaf  among  or  near  the  flowers,  different 
from  the  other  leaves  of  the  plant. 

3.  Thorn.    A  sharp  process  from  the  woody  part  of  a  plant. 

4.  Prickle.    A  sharp  process  from  the  bark,  as  tlmse  on 
raspberry  bushes,  &c. 

3.  Sting.  "Hair-like  processes  mostly  from  the  leaves,  as 
nettles. 

6.  Gland.    A  roundish,  generally  minute,  appendage  to 
different  parts  of  plants. 

7.  Tendril.    The  filiform  appendage  by  which  climbing 
plants  support  themselves  on  their  bodies. 


BOTANY. 


NUMERALS. 

The  Latin  and  Greek  numerals  are  so  frequently  com- 

pounded with  other  words  by  botanical  writers,  that  an 
English  student  ought  to  commit  them  to  memory,  as  here 

laid  down.    Eis,  Treis,  tyc.  are  not  used. 

NOS.  GREEK. 

1     Monos  single. 

twice,          2     Dis  twice. 

3  Treis  thrice. 

4  Tettares 

5  Pcnte 

6  Ex  (pronounced  hex) 

7  Epta  (pronounced  hepta) 

8  Okto 

9  Ennea 

10  Deka 

11  Endeka 

12  Dod^ka 

13  Dekatreis 

14  Dekatettares 

15  Dekapente 

16  Dekaex 

17  Dekaepta 

18  Decaokto 
Novendecim                      lp     Decaennea 
Viginti                              20  Eikosi 
Multus,                      Many  Polus 


Unus 

Bis 

Tres 

Quatuop 

QuinqueN 

Sex 

Sc-ptem 

Octo 

No  vein 

Derem 

Undecem 

Duodecem 

Tredecem 

Quatuordecim 

Quindecim 

Sexdecim 

SeptendecirH 


fa  GRAMMAR  OF 

LINNEAN  SYSTEM  OF  VEGETABLES. 

All  Vegetables  are  divided  into  twenty  -two*  CLASSES, 
These  CLASSES  are  divided  into  ORDERS.  ORDERS  are 
divided  into  GENERA;  GENERA  are  divided  into  SPE- 
CIES. SPECIES  are  frequently  changed  into  varieties. 
Varieties,  however,  are  more  properly  within  the  pro- 
rince  of  the  Gardener,  than  of  the  Botanist  $  at  least  the 
method  of  procuring  varieties. 

When  a  Botanist  finds  a  plant  which  he  never  saw  be- 
fore and  wishes  to  know  its  name  and  uses  $  he  proceeds^ 
as  follows. 

1.  Retakes  the  unknown  flower  in  his  hand,  (no  un- 
known plant  can  be  ascertained  without  the  flower,)  and 
compares  its  parts  with  the  description  of  each  class,  un- 
til he  finds  the  class  to  which  it  belongs. 

2.  He  then  goes  to  the  orders  of  that  class  and  finds- its 
order  in  the  same  way. 

3.  If  the  order  in  which  he  finds  his  plant  is  sub-divid- 
ed into  sections,  he  reads  the  characters  of  the  sections 
also. 

4.  Next  Ke  goes  to  the  genera  of  that  order  or  section, 
and   reads  their  descriptions,  until  he  finds  the  genus  to 
which  it  belongs. 

5.  At  last  he  looks  over  the  species  of  that  genus,  until 
lie  finds  the  exact  description  of  his  plant. 

*Linneus  divided  them  into  24  classes  But  farther  discoveries^, 
since  his  death,  have  proved  the  classes  Polyadelphia  and  Polyg-amia  to 
be  too  uncertain  and  variable  lo  be  any  longer  retained.  Persooa. 
therefore,  and  o;her  eminent  botanists  have  rejected  them. 


BOTANY.  32 

LINNEAN   CLASSES. 

j.  Jlonandria,  one  stamen  in  the  flower, 

2.  Diandria-t  2  stamens. 

3.  Triandria,  3  stamens. 

4.  Tetrandria,  4  stamens. 

5.  Pentandria,  5  stamens. 

6.  Hexandricit  6  stamens. 
7-  Heptandria,  7  stamens, 
a.  Octandria,  8  s  am  ens. 
9.  Bnneandria,  9  stamens. 

10.  Decandria9  10  stamens. 

11.  Dodecandria,  12  to  19  stamens. 

12.  Icotandria,  about  20,  or  mot-*;,  -stand ing  an  the  calyx. 

13.  Potyandrid,  always  20  or  more,  on  the  "receptacle. 

14.  Didynamiaf4  stamens,  2  of  them  uniformly  the  long- 
est. 

15.  Tetradynamia,  6  stamens,  4  of  them  uniformly  the 
longest. 

16.  JWonadelphia,  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  in  one 
set,  anthers  remaining  separate. 

17.  Diad-elphia9  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  in  two 
sets,  (sometimes  in  one  set,)  (lowers  papilionaceous. 

18.  Syngenesia,  stamens  5,  united  by  their  anthers  in  one 
set,  flowers  compound. 

19.  Gynandria  stamens   stand  on   tl*e  germ,  style,  or 
stigma,  separate  from  the  base  of  the  calyx  and  corol. 

20.  M&ncecia,  stamens  and  pistils  in  separate  flowers,  on 
the  same  plant. 

21.  Dicecia,  stamens  and  pistils  on  separate  plants. 

£2.  Cryptogamia,  stamens  arid  pistils  so  obscure  that  the 
plants  can  only  be  classed  by  natural  families* 


GRAMMAR  OF 


2  '•  M  I  I!  I  I  I  I  I  I 


I   I          155  I 

3-0! 


£jtl 


i  I  i  I 


.Q-  i    I 

O    O 

CO 


CO 


CO       S3 


W 

O 

CO 

w 
p 

« 
o 


h^hHH 


S  S  5  S 


-  s 


fcJD  1^ 

x  «  x  c  i 

<u  <u   *   d-  ° 

HM    S    HH    ^1  W 

o?  ai 

i  8 


fct -bn  ±r.  to  ^  ^  fee  be      fcr  br 
S5SPQPQC I fifl 


wcccsccccccccepo 
•—  o  o  o  c  o  5  o  o  o-  o  o  c  o  ^-- 


I  !^£l 


c.  ^  ««  «  a 

5  5  5  i5  S 


BOTANY.  23 

EXPLANATIONS  FOR  THE  PRECEDING  PAGE. 

Or  ORDERS. 

1.  Mon.  Monogynia,  1  style,  or  1  sessile  stigma*. 

2.  Dig.  Digynia,  2  styles,  &c. 

3.  Tri.  Trigynia,  3  styles,  &c. 
^     4.  Tet.  Tetragynia,  4 Styles,  &c. 

5.  Pen.  Pentagynia,  5  styles,  &c. 

6.  Hex.  Hexagynia,  6  styles,  &c. 

7.  Hep.  Heptagynia,  T  styles,  &c. 
10.  Dec.  Decagynia,  10  styles,  &c. 

13.  Pol.  Polygynia,  more  than  10  styles,  &e. 

1  of  C.  14.  Gym.  Gymnospermia,  seeds  naked. 

2  of  C.  14.  Ang.  Angiospermia,  seeds  in  capsules. 

1  of  C.  15.  Silic.  Siliculosa,  having  pods  whose  length 

and  breadth  are  nearly" equal. 

2  of  C.  15.  Siliq.  Siliquosa,  having  pods  whose  lengths 

are  more  than  double  their  breadths. 

In  the  16th,  17th,  19th,  20th,  2tst  classes,  the  names 
and  characters  of  preceding  classes,^re  taken  for  orders. 
As  Mon.  Monandria.  Dia.  Diandria.  Tri.  Triandria. 
Tet.  Tetrandria.  Pen.  Pentandria.  Hex.  Hexandria. 
Oct.  Octandria.  Dec.  Decandria.  Pol.  Polyandria. 
Mon.  Monadelphia. 

In  the  18th  class.  1.  JEq.  Polygamia  JEqualis.  2. 
Sup.  Polygamia  Superflua.  3.  Frus.  Polygamia  Frus- 
tranea.  4.  Nee.  Polygamia  Necessaria.  5.  Seg.  Poly- 
gamia Segregata. 

The  1st  order  in  the  18th  class  is  distinguished  by 
having  all  thejlorets  perfect.  The  2d,  by  having  those 
of  the  disk  perfect,  while  those  oftherai/  are  pistillate. 
The  3d,  by  having  those  of  the  disk  perfect,  while  those 
of  the  ray  are  neutral.  The  4th,  by  having  those  of  the 
disk  staminate,  while  those  of  the  ray  are  pistillate.  The 
5th,  by  having  the  florets  all  perfect,  while  each  floret 
has  a  perianth  of  its  own. 

In  the  22d  class,  the  orders  are  distinguished  by  natu- 
ral family  characters.  1.  Filices,  (ferns)  which  bear 
fruit  on  the  back  of  the  leaves,  or  in  which  some  part  of 
the  leaves  seem  as  it  were  metamorphosed  into  a  kind  of 
fruit-bearing-spike.  The  appendix  to  this  order  includes 
the  Pteroides,  which  bear  fruit  on  a  peculiar  appendage. 
2.  Misci,  (mosses)  which  bear,  on  leafy  stems  aad 


24  GRAMMAR  OF 

branches,  one-celled  capsules,  opening  at  the  top,  where 
they  are  covered  by  a  peculiar  lid.  3.  Hepaticae,  (liver- 
tvorts)  which  bear,  on  herbaceous  fronds,  four-celled 
capsules  opening  with  four  valves.  4.  Algae,  (seaweeds, 
&c.)  which  bear  in  an  aquatic  or  gelatinous  frond,  vesi- 
culous  or  filamentous  fruit.  5.  Lic/ienes,  (lichens)  which 
bear  fruit  on  fibrous,  compact  or  gelatinous- fronds  Con- 
tained in  clefts,  spangles,  puffs,  buttons,  tubercles,  hol- 
lows, cellules,  globules,  shields,  targets,  orbs,  or  knobs. 
6.  Fungi,  (mushi'ooii,  &c.)  which  are  destitute  of  her- 
bage, consisting  of  a  spongy,  pulpy,  leathery,  or  woody 
substance,  and  bear  fruit  in  a  naked  dilated  membrane, 
or  within  the  substance  of  the  plant. 


BOTANf.  -25 

&EXERA-L   RutES   FOR  AVOIDING  PoiSOXS. 

Plants  not  poisonous. 

1.  Plants  with  a  glume  calyx,   never  poisonous.    As 
Wheat,  Indian-corn,  Foxtail-grass,  Sedge-grass,  Oats. 
Linneus. 

2.  Plants  whose  stamens  stand  on  the  calyx,  never  poi- 
sonous.    As  Currant,  Apple,  Peach,  Strawberry,  Thorn. 
Smith,  page  392. 

3.  Plants  with  cruciform  flowers,  rarely  if  ever  poison- 
ous. As  Mustard,  Cabbage,  Watercress,  turnip.    Smith, 
page  487. 

4.  Plants  with  pupUionaceoitt  flowers,  rarely  if  ever 
poisonous.    As  Pea,    Bean,    Locust-tree,   Wild-indigo, 
Clover.     Smith,  page  446. 

•6.  Plants  with  labiate  corols  hearing  seeds  without  pe- 
ricarps, never  poisonous.  As  Catmint,  Hyssop,  Mint, 
Motherwort,  Marjoram.  Smith,  page  434. 

6.  Plants  with  compound  flowers,  rarely  poisonous.  As 
Sunflower,  Dandelion,  Lettuce,  Burdock.  Milne. 

Poisonous  plants. 

1.  Plants  with  5  stamens  and  one  pistil,  with  a  dull- 
coloured  lurid  corol,  and  of  a  nauseous  sickly  smell,  al- 
ways poisonous.     As  Tobacco,  Thorn-apple,  Henbane, 
Nightshade.     The  degree  of  poison  is  diminished  wliere 
the  flower  is  brighter  coloured  and  the  smell  is  less  nau- 
seous.   As  potatoe  is  less  poisonous,  though  of  the  same 
genus  with  nightshade.     Smith,  page  415. 

2.  Umbelliferous  plants  of  the  arjua'tic  kind  and  of  a  nau- 
seous scent  are  always  poisonous.    As  Water-hemlock, 
Cow-parsley.     But  if  the  smell  be  pleasant,    and  they 
grow  in  dry  land,  they  are  not  poisonous.     As  Fennel, 
Dill,  Coriander,  Sweet-cicely.     Smith,  page  416. 

3.  Plants  with  labiate  corols,  and  seeds  in  capsules,  fre- 
quently poisonous.     As  Snapdragon,  Foxglove. 

4.  Plants  from  which  issues  a  milky  juice  on  being  hro- 
ken  are  poisonous,  unless  they  bear  compound  flowers. 
As  Milkweed,  Dogbane,  Milne's  Contorts  and  Lactes- 
centia. 

5.  Plants  having  any  appendage  to  the  calyx  or  corol, 
and  twelve  or  more  stamens,  generally  poisonous.     As 
Columbine,  Crowfoot.    Linneus. 

C 


26  GRAMMAR  OF 

Most  general  Rule. 

Plants  with  few  stamens,  not  frequently  poisonous,  ex- 
cept the  number  be  five  ;  but  if  the  number  be  12  or  more, 
and  the  smell  nauseous,  heavy  and  sickly,  the  plants  are 
generally  poisonous.  Milne's  Multisiliquse  and  Sapor. 
I  JY'ote. — Many  plants  possess  some  degree  of  the  narco- 
tic principle,  which  are  still  by  no  means  hurtful. 

NATURAL  ORDEES  OF  LINNEUS. 

Plants  of  the  same  natural  order  possess  similar  medi- 
cal qualities.  But  the  scent  of  plants  mirst  be  taken  into 
consideration  ;  as  all  nauseous-scented  umbelliferous 
plants  are  poisonous,  while  the  sweet-scented  are  pleas- 
ant stomachics,  &c. 

"  Several  plants  characterized  by  particular  virtues 
possess  it  to  such  a  degree  of  strength  or  weakness,  that 
we  may  reasonably  expect  very  different  effects  from  this 
difference  of  intensity  in  the  same  quality,"  Milne.  See 
qualities. 

1.  Palmae.    Farinaceous  diet. 

2.  Piperitae.    Tonics  and  stomachics. 

3.  Calamariae.    Coarse  cattle  fodder  and  tonics. 
4-  Grumina.    Farinaceous  diet  and  cattle  fodder. 

5.  Tripetaloidcae.    Tonics  and  rough  cattle  fodder. 

6.  Ensatae.    Antiscorbutics  and  Tonics. 

7.  Ordiideae.    Farinaceous  diet  and  Stomachics. 

8.  Stitamineae*    AY  arming  stomachics. 

9.  tipathaceae.     Secernant  stimulants. 

10.  Coronariae.    The  nauseous-scented  and  bitter  are 
antiscorbutic  and  cathartic,  the  others  Emollient. 

11.  Sarmentaceae.    Tonics  and  Secernant  stimulants. 

12.  Oleraceae,  or  Holeraccac.    If  nauseous,  Cathartic  $ 
others,  mild  stimulants  and  nutrientics. 

13.  Succulejitue.     Antiscorbutic  and  Emollient. 

14.  Gruinales.     Tonics  and  Refrigerants. 

15.  Imintlatae.     Astringents. 

16.  Calyciflorae.    Astringents  and  Refrigerants. 
17-  CcJycant/iemae.    Astringents. 

18.  Bic.ornes      Astringents. 

19.  Htsperides.    Astringent  and  stomachic. 

20.  Rolaceae.    Tonics. 

21.  Preciae^    Astringents. 


OF  BOTANY.  27 

22.  Cariophilleae.    Astringents  and  Sefccrnant  stimu- 
lants. 

23.  Trihilatae.    Tonics  and  Nutrientics. 

24.  Cory  dales.    Narcotic  and  Antiscorbutic. 

25.  Put'amineae.     Detergent  and  Antiscorbutic- 

26.  Mnltisiliquae.     Cathartic  and  Caustic. 

27.  Ehceadeae.    Anodyne  and  Antiscorbutic, 

28.  Lnridae.    Narcotic  and  Antiscorbutic. 

29.  Campanaceae.    Cathartics  and  Secernant  stimu- 
lants. 

SO.  Contoriae.    Cathartics  and  Antiscorbutics. 
St.   Vepreculae    Antiscorbutic  and  Emetic. 

32.  Papilionaceae.    Emollient,  Diuretic,  Nutrientic. 

33.  Lomentaceae.    Emollient,  Astringent,  Cathartic. 

34.  Cucurbitnceae.     Cathartic  and  Refrigerant. 

35.  Senticosae.    Astringent  and  Refrigerant. 

36.  Pmnaceae.    Refrigerants. 

37.  Columniferae.    Emollient. 

38.  Tricoccae.     Cathartic. 

39.  Siliquasae.    Diuretic,  Antiscorbutic,  Nutrientic.^ 

40.  Personatae.     Deobstruetits  and  Cathartics. 

41.  Jlsperifoliae.    Astringents  and  Dcobstruents. 

42.  Verticillatae.     Stomachics  and  Astringents. 

43.  Dwnosae.    Tonic  and  Cathartic. 

44.  Sepiariae.     Astringent. 

45.  Umbellatae.     Stomachic  and  Narcotic. 

46.  Hederaceae.    Tonics  and  Refrigerants 

47.  Stellatae.     Tonics  and  Deobstruents. 

48.  Jlggregatae.    Tonics  and  Secernant  stimulants. 

49.  Compositae*    Tonics  and  Secernant  stimulants. 

50.  rfmentaceae.    Astringents. 

51.  Coniferac.    Tonics  and  Stomachics. 

52.  Coadunatae.    Tonics. 

53.  Scabridae.    Astringents. 

54.  Miscdlaneae.  Their  qualities  are  various. 

55.  Filices.    Secernant  stimulants. 

56.  Musci.    Cathartics  and  Secernant  stimulants* 

57.  Jllgae.    Tonics. 

58.  Fungi.    Tonics  ami  Cathartics. 

NATURAL  ORDERS  OF  JUSSIETJ. 

Jussieu's  System  is  a  very  great  improvement  upon 
that  of  Linneus.    According  to  the  maxim  of  Linneus  and 


.as. 


GRAMMAR  OF 


others,  the  student  has  only  to  acquaint  himself  witTi  the 
virtues  of  one  or  two  plants  in  an  order,  to  be  able  to 
form  some  general  opinion  of  all  other  plants  in  that  or- 
der. 

1st  DIVISION.     Seeds  without  lobes  or  cotyledons. 
1.  Fungi.  3.  Hepaticae.  5.  Filices. 

9..  Jllgae.  4.  MuscL  6.  Naiades. 

3d  DIVISION*    Seeds  with  a  single  lobe,  or  one  cotyledon. 


7.  Jlroideae. 
S.  Typhae. 


13.  Junci. 

14.  Liliaceae. 


9.  Cifperoideae.  15.  Bromdia. 
30.  Gramineae.  16.  Asphoddi. 
11.  Palmae. 


18.  Irides. 

19.  Musae. 

20.  Cannae. 

21.  Orchideat. 

22.  Hydrocharides. 


17.  Narcissi 
12.  Asparagi 

3d  DIVISION.    Seeds  with  twolobes9  or  two  cotyledons. 

23.  Aristolochae.  49.  Guaiacanae.     75.  Magnoliae. 

9A.  JEleagni.  50.  Rhododendra.    76.  Annonae. 

25.  Tliymeleae.  51.  Ericae.  77.  Menisperma, 

QQ.  Proteae.  52.  CampamdaceaeTS.  Berberides* 

27.  Lauri.  53.  Cichoraceae.     79.  Tiliaceae. 

28.  Polygoneae.  54.  Cinarocephalae.80.  Cisti. 

29.  Jltr'iplices.  55.  Conjmbijerae.   81.  Rutaceae. 

.so.  flmaranthL  56.  Dipsaceae.        82.  Caryophyfleae 

31.  Plantagines.  57.  Jtubiaceae.        83.  Sempert'ivae. 

32.  Nyctagincs.  58.  Caprifoiia.        84.  Saxifraga. 

33.  Plnnibagines.  59.  Araliae.  85.  Car^i. 

34.  Lysimachiae.  60.  Umbelliferae.    86.  Porhdaceae, 

35.  Pediculares.  61.  Ranunculaceae&7.  Ficoideac. 

36.  Acanthi.  62.  Papayemceae.  88.  Onagrae. 

37.  Jasmineae.  63.  Cruciferae.        89.  Myrtus. 

38.  Viiicts.  64.  CappaMes.      90.  Meiastomae. 

39.  Labiatae.  65.  Sapindi. 

40.  Scrophulariae.  66.  Mera. 

41.  Solaneae.  67.  Malpighiae. 

42.  Boragineae.  68.  Hyperica. 

43.  Conrolvuli.  69.  Guttiferae. 

44.  Polemonia.  70.  Jlurantia. 

45.  Bignoniae.  71.  Meliae. 

46.  Gentfanae.  72.  Fifes. 

47.  Jlpocyncae.  73.  Gerania. 

48.  Sapoiae.  74. 


91.  Salicariae. 

92.  Rosaceae. 

93.  Leguminosac. 

94.  Terebinthi. 

95.  Rhamni. 

96.  Enphorbiae. 

97.  Cucurbitaceqe? 

98.  Urticae- 

99.  Amentaceae. 
1:00. 


BOTANY,  *3 

PHYSIOLOGY  OF  PLANTS. 

Phytology,  or  the  physiology  of  vegetables,  may  pro- 
perly* be  divided  into  :  1st.  The  germination  and  growth 
of  plants  from  the  seed  ;  2d.  The  propagation  of  plants  ; 
3d.  The  increase  of  plants,  or  the  enlargement  of  their 
volume. 

1.  THE  GERMINATION  AND  GROWTH  OF  PLANTS  FROM 
THE  SEED. 

If  a  seed  be  immersed  in  warm  water  for  a  considera- 
ble time,  and  then  subjected  to  a  high  magnifying  power, 
the  elementary  form  of  the  future  plant  may  be  seen.  In 
some  seeds  even  the  embryo  of  the  future  flower  becomes 
manifest.  Therefore  it  may  not  be  absurd  to  say,  that 
the  germination  and  growth  is  effected  by  the  develope- 
m«nt  of  the  embryo  plant  contained  in  the  seed.  And 
that  this  developement  goes  on  by  means  of  successive  sup- 
plies of  nutriment,  whichris  taken  into  an  organized 
structure  adapted  to  its  reception. 

But  where  shall  we  stop  in  our  views  of  these  elemen- 
tary forms  ?  Shall  we  say,  that  within  the  embryo  of  the 
future  flower  which  sometimes  becomes  manifest  under 
the  microscope,  there  is  probably  another  seed  containing 
the  elementary  form  of  the  next  generation,  and  so  on  ad 
'infinitum  ? 

Fortunately  the  present  state  of  the  science  presents 
the  means  of  fixing  the  limit  in  the  most  satisfactory 
manner.  For  nothing  in  the  physiology  of  organized  be- 
ings is  better  established,  than  that  a  perfect  future  seed 
cannot  be  produced  without  the  application  of  pollen  from 
a  stamen,  to  the  nistil  of  a  stigma.  But  if  the  future 
seed  were  perfect  in  the  present  one,  such  an  operation 
would  not  be  necessary.  Therefore  by  the  aid  of  the  mi- 
croscope and  this  established  law,  we  are  enabled  to  in- 
fer, that  a  seed  may  contain  the  elements  of  a  future  plant 
as  Car  as  the  flower  and  empty  tegument  of  the  future  seed, 
and  no  farther. 

£.  THE  PROPA CATION  OF  PLANTS. 
There  are  two  methods  of  propagating  plants.     First* 
by  reproduction;  second,  by  continuation. 

1.  A  plant  is  reproduced,  when  it  grows  immediately 
from  the  seed.  1  he  potatoe  is  reproduced;  when  the 

G  2 


30  GRAMMAR  OF 

seeds  are  taken  from  the  berry,  planted  and  grow. 

pie  trees  are  reproduced  in  the  nurseries  from  seeds,  &c. 

2.  A  plant  is  continued)  when  parts  taken  from  its  roots, 
stem,  branches,  its  buds,  &c.  are  transferred  to  different 
places,  and  so  cultivated  as  to  continue  to  grow  in  sever- 
al places  at  the  same  time.  The  living  branches  or  twigs 
of  the  same  apple  tree  may  continue  to  grow  from  the 
original  root  and  from  hundreds  of  other  roots  in  differ- 
ent countries  at  the  same  time.  And  it  is  a  fact  now  well 
established,  that  those  twigs  or  grafts,  however  recently 
inserted,  feel  the  effects  of  age  in  the  same  degree  with  the 
twigs  remaining  on  the  original  tree*  ;  all  other  circum- 
stances being  similar. 

The  roots  of  potatoes  continue  in  succession  in  their 
native  torrid  regions  year  after  year  for  a  limited  pe- 
riod, like  the  Malaxis  and  some  others  of  the  Orchis 
family  in  our  latitude.  Agriculturalists  and  gardeners  aid 
their  progress  here,  by  housing  the  roots  in  winter  and 
setting  them  in  the  earth  again  in  the  spring  season. 
These  too  are  greatly  distributed;  so  that  this  plant  is 
vastly  extended  by  the  continuation  of  the  same  individu- 
al. But  in  due  time  the  effects  of  age  become  manifest 
to  the  cultivator,  and  he  finds  it  necessary  to  reproduce 
this  useful  plant  from  the  seed, 

The  Lombardy  poplar  is  becoming  enfeebled  with 
age  in  our  country,, so  that  very  recent  shoots  will  hardly 
withstand  a  severe  winter.  The  reason  is  manifest. 
There  has  never  been  a  pistillate  tree  introduced  from 
Europe  ;  consequently  this  tree  has  never  been  repro- 
duced here  from  the  seed.  We  therefore  see  but  the 
feeble  limbs  of  an  exile  in  dotage,  though  yet  sustained, 
in  a  thousand  localities. 

3.  THE  INCREASE  OF  PLANTS,  on  THE  ENLARGEMENT 

OF  THEIR  VOLUME. 

After  the  first  season  of  growing,  all  woody  plants 
continue  to  increase  their  size,  if  no  accident  occurs,  un- 
til age  terminates  their  vital  energies.  Their  volume  is 
not  enlarged  from  an  extention  of  each  fibre  or  pore; 
but  from  the  annual  acquisition  of  new  ones.  These  new 
ones  are  always  deposited  between  the  bark  and  wood* 

*  See.  Smith's  Elements  of  Botany, 


BOTANY.  31 

In  the  spring  season  a  mucilage  is  formed  between  the 
bark  and  wood,  called  the  camb,  or  cambim.  Towards 
the  decline  of  the  year  it  becomes  considerably  indurated, 
and  separates  itself  into  two  concentric  hollow  cylinders 
of  very  different  thicknesses.  The  thinner  one  is  attach- 
ed to  the  bark  and  forms  its  inner  membrane.  The  thick 
one  is  attached  to  tlie  wood,  and  becomes  the  outer  layer 
of  the  wood  for  the  next  year. 

It  is  on  this  account  that  those  trees,  which  long  retain 
their  expanding  cuticles,  present  to  our  land  surveyors 
those  paradoxical  magic-like  marks.  A  beach  tree,  for 
example,  if  lettered  or  figured  with  a  board-marker,  will 
present  these  marks  twenty  or  thirty  years  afterwards 
both  on  the  cuticle  and  on  the  wood  of  the  year  when 
marked  ;  while  the  intervening  layers  are  sound  and 
without  a  scar.  These  interposed  woody  layers,  origin- 
ating in  mucilage  annually  deposited  between  the  bark 
and  wrood,  gradually  separate  the  marked  bark  and  cuti- 
cle from  the  marked  wood;  while  they  grow  between 
these  marks  and  become  continuous? 


PLAN   OF 

or  A  COURSE  IN  BOTANY.* 
Given  at  1 8  Lectures  and  1 8  Examination  Meetings  ;  to' 
be  completed  in  four  or  Jive  weeks. 
Addressed  to  Teachers. 

Always  lecture  just  one  hour,  with  specimens  hefore 
you  to  illustrate  all  you  say.  If  you  fail  of  procuring 
specimens  for  the  proposed  lecture,  substitute  some  other 
subject.  Never  lecture  without  appropriate  specimens. 

Divide  your  examination  meetings  into  three  parts. 
1st.  Half  an  hour  for  questions.  2d.  Half  an  hour  for 
analyzing  plants.  3d.  Half  an  hour  for  labelling  from 
your  dictum. 

Let  the  subject  of  each  lecture  and  examination  meet- 
ing be  nearly  as  follows.  (Introductory  lecture  not  in- 
cluded.) 

1st.  Lecture.    The  first  13  classes  with  their  orders. 

1st.  Examination  meeting.  Questions,  in  the  first  IS 
classes  and  orders.  Analyze  a  plant  or  two  in  the  same 
classes.  Instruct  your  class  in  the  form  of  labelling  and 
of  preserving  plants. 

2d.  L.    The  last  9  classes,  and  their  orders. 

2d.  E.  Question  on  the  last  9  classes.  Analyze  as 
before.  Label  all  the  plants  collected. 

Hereafter  always  question  upon  the  subject  of  the  last 
Lecture  ;  analyze  in  all  the  classes  as  you  happen  to  ob- 
tain plants  ;  and  label  the  plants  collected. 

3d.  L.  The  7  elementary  organs,  and  the  subdivisions 
of  Stamen  and  Pistil. 

4th.  L.  Subdivisions  of  Calyx  and  Corol. 

5th.  L.  Subdivisions  of  the  "Pericarp. 

6th.  L.  Review  all  the  classes. 

7th.  L.  Review  the  orders  of  all  the  classes. 

8th    L.  Inflorescence. 

9th.  L.  Roots  and  Stems. 

loth.  L.  Leaves  and  appendages. 

llth,  L.  Review  all  the  classes  and  their  orders* 

12th.  L.  Illustrate  the  analysis  of  grasses,  and  of  um- 
belliferous plants. 

13th.  L.  Illustrate  the  analysis  of  plants  in  the  14th 
and  15th  classes. 

*  This,  ought  to  have  followed  page  8. 


A   COURSE  3S 

I4th.  L.  Illustrate  the  analysis  of  plants  in  the  16th 
and  17th  classes. 

loth.  L.  Illustrate  the  analysis  of  plants  in  the  18th 
and  19th  classes. 

16th.  L.  Illustrate  the  analysis  of  plants  in  the  20th 
and  2 1st  classes. 

17th.  L.  Illustrate  the  analysis  of  plants  in  the  1st,  2d, 
3d,  arid  4th  orders  of  the  22d  class. 

1.8th.  L.  Illustrate  the  analysis  of  the  plants  of  the  5th 
and  6th  orders  of  the  sad  class. 

These  18  lectures  will  lie  sufficient,  if  you  question  your 
pupils  thoroughly  at  the  Examination  meetings,  and 
cause  them  to  collect  arid  analyze  a  great  number  of 
plants. 

It  is  best  at  first  to  give  them  the  names  of  plants,  and 
direct  them  to  read  the  descriptions,  and  then  point  out  to 
you  the  part  to  which  each  term  in  the  description  ap- 
plies. In  a  few  days  this  practice  will  familiarize  them 
with  the  method  of  applying  the  language  of  description. 

It  is  found  very  useful  to  give  about  one  public  evening 
lecture  on  the  physiology  of  plants  each  week,  gratuitous- 
ly ;  at  which  your  pupils  are  to  invite  all  their  friends. 
It  is  found  to  excite  an  interest  very  favorable  to  science. 

Or  COLLECTING  AND  PRESERVING  PLANTS. 

You  should  persuade  as  many  of  your  pupils  to  collect 
wild  plants  as  possible.  For  there  is  no  method  of  fixing 
the  name,  habit  and  habitat  of  a  plant  in  the  memory  e- 
qual  to  seeing  it  in  its  growing  state  and  analyzing  it 
where  we  collect  it.  You  can  generally  persuade  ladies 
to  go  out  by  turn  in  small  parties  and  collect  plants  in 
the  nearest  open  fields.  And  young  gentlemen  will 
search  the  woods,  swamps,  and  the  more  distant  and  less 
accessable  places.  There  should  always  be  an  arrange- 
ment respecting  the  days  in  which  each  little  party  will 
go  out,  and  each  party  "should  take  pretty  large  baskets, 
so  as  to  collect  specimens  for  the  whole  class.  By  this 
method  there  will  never  be  a  want  of  specimens.  You 
must  go  whenever  you  can  spare  time,  and  teach  those 
who  accompany  you  how  to  examine  minutely  and  col- 
lect with  care.  But  you  will  be  obliged  to  spend  a  large 
portion  of  your  time  in  collecting  specimens  for  illustra- 


34  PLAN   OP 

ting  your  lectures.  You  Should  always  preserve  greera> 
in  flower-pots, 'whatever  you  find  that  may  be  wanted  in 
a  future  lecture,  as  well  as  for  the  present  one. 

Do  not  recommend  large  specimens  to  be  preserved. 
Large  specimens  are  useful  to  authors  and  to  the  learned 
societies.  But  a  private  collection  is  much  more  conven- 
ient, if  made  up  of  small  specimens.  I  would  never  take 
from  a  large  plant  any  thing  more  than  is  necessary  to 
present  something  of  its  habit  and  its  essential  generic 
and  specific  characters. 

There  are  many  methods  prescribed  for  preserving 
plants.  The  method  given  in  the  Botanical  Dictionary 
is  a  very  good  one,  if  you  wish  to  collect  in  a  large  vyay 
and  to  preserve  several  dozen  specimens  of  each  species. 
But  1  would  adopt  the  following  simple  method  with  a 
class,  where  each  individual  preserves  but  a  single  set  of 
specimens. 

Let  each  student  prepare  a  drying  book  in  the  most 
cheap  and  convenient  manner.  An  old  account  book,  a 
neglected  or  useless  printed  book  if  large,  a  book  made  of 
newspapers  sewed  together  in  a  quarto  form,  or  of  com* 
mon  wrapping  paper,  &c.  will  subserve  this  purpose.  See 
that  the  specimens  are  correctly  labelled  and  put  in  neatly 
between  the  leaves  of  the  drying  book,  and  pressed  with  a 
weight  of  about  20  pounds.  Let  it  be  well  understood 
that  they  are  to  be  dried  by  absorption  with  the  paper. 
For  any  other  method  of  drying  plants  will  destroy  their 
colour  and  make  them  brittle.  Plants  must  not  be  wet 
when  collected  ;  but  may  be  kept  from  withering  by  be- 
ing covered  with  a  wet  cloth. 

Plants  must  never  be  in  press  more  than  two  days,  nor 
more  than  one  in  damp  weather,  without  drying  the  book. 
This  may  be  done  by  taking  out  the  plants  carefully  and 
spreading  them  on  a  table  while  the  book  is  drying. 
Though  it  is  a  little  better  to  have  two  books,  and  pass 
them  from  the  dampened  book  to  a  dry  one,  then  back  again 
to  the  former  at  the  next  change  when  it  is  dried.  A 
book  is  soon  dried  by  holding  it  horizontally  with  the 
back  down  near  a  hot  fire,  and  letting  the  leaves  fall  down 
singly  on  the  side  next  to  the  fire.  But  the  plants  must 
never  be  left  out  of  the  book  over  a  few  minutes. 

After  the  plants  are  sufficiently  dried,  they  will  no  long- 
OS1  excite  that  sensation  of  coolness  aod  moisture  to  the 


A  COURSE.  35 

touch,  which  is  peculiar  to  green  vegetables.  Then  they 
may  be  put  in  press  into  any  book  which  is  wide  enough 
to  exclude  the  air  and  light.  Now  they  may  be  close  side 
by  side  on  each  leaf,  and  need  not  be  separated  by  more 
than  one  thickness  of  paper.  But  still  they  should  be  fre- 
quently examined,  lest  unexpected  moisture  should  injure 
them. 

About  the  last  of  November,  when  the  botanizing  sea- 
son is  fully  past,  each  student  should  assort  the  whole  col- 
lection into  parcels  according  to  the  classes  and  orders 
marked  on  the  labels.  In  this  method,  beginning  with 
the  first  class,  they  should  be  placed  in  a  book  as  before. 
Then  a  neat  quarto  volume  of  pretty  stiff  paper  should  be 
made,  with  slips  of  paper  making  the  back  about  three 
times  as  thick  as  the  front.  In  this  book  the  plants  should 
be  fastened  with  carpenter's  glue  or  common  paste,  on 
the  left  side  only  of  each  leaf  5  the  labels  still  remaining 
to  denote  the  names,  &c.  as  well  as  to  assist  in  holding 
on  the  specimens. 

After  the  plants  are  fastened  and  well  dried,  dissolve 
half  an  ounce  of  corrosive  sublimate  in  half  a  pint  of  alco- 
hol (both  may  be  had  for  a  trifle  at  any  druggist  shop) 
and  slightly  brush  over  each  plant  with  it.  This  will  for- 
ever defend  them  from  insects  and  improve  the  colours  of 
all  the  green  parts. 

As  your  course  will  embrace  but  about  one  fourth  or 
one  fifth  of  the  season,  you  ought  to  visit  your  class  or 
classes  in  November  or  December,  and  assist  them  in  la- 
helling  plants  which  they  have  preserved  in  your  absence 
and  could  not  label  accurately. 


36  ABBREVIATIONS  AND  EXPLANATIONS. 

FOR  TUB  LABELLING  CATALOGUE. 

E.  stands  for  exotics — r.  red   flower — p.  purple — y. 

yellow — \v.  white — b.  blue — g.  green — A  p.  that  the  plant 

flowers  first  in  April — M.   May — J.   June — Jii.  July — 

Au.  August — S.  September — Oc.  October — &  annual — 

$  biennial — 24  perennial — l?  woody  stem. 

The  generic  names  are  printed  in  capitals  :  the  specific 
names  in  italics  ;  the  English  name,  when  the  plant  has 
any,  is  parenthesised  in  Roman.  When  species  are  des- 
cribed, the  descriptions  are  in  Roman.  If  an  English 
name  is  added  to  one  species  only,  the  same  name  may 
be  given  to  the  other  species  of  that  genus,  qualified  by 
some  appropriate  epithet.  As  the  general  name  for  carex 
is  sedge,  I  would  call  the  carex  plantaginea  the  broad-leaf 
sedge,  £c. 

The  first  number  preceding  the  generic  names  stands 
for  the  number  of  the  ciass,  the  second  for  the  number  of 
the  order.  The  first  number  following  the  generic  names 
refers  to  the  natural  order  of  Linneus,  the  last  number 
refers  to  the  natural  order  of  Jussieu.  As  Aster  is  in  the 
eighteenth  class  and  second  order  in  the  artificial  system; 
the  forty-ninth  natural  order  of  Linneus  and  of  course 
possesses  tonic  aiijd  secernant  stimulant  properties  ;  and 
in  the  fifty -fifth  natural  order  of  Jussieu. 

FOR  THE  GENERA. 

When  the  asterisk  (*)  is  prefixed  to  one  or  more  gene- 
ric names,  set  down  below  the  end  of  an  order,  it  implies 
that  these  genera  are  not  described  here,  but  stray  as  it 
were  into  this  class  and  order  by  departing  from  the  ar- 
tificial character  Therefore  \vhen  a  plant  thus  runs 
astray,  so  as  to  lead  us  to  a  wrong  place  in  pursuit  of  its 
name,  and  of  course  when  we  cannot  find  an  appropriate 
generic  description  for  it>  we  go  back  to  where  each  of 
these  asterisked  or  advertized  genera  respectively  belong, 
and  read  over  their  general  generic  characters  until  we 
find  the  right  name. 


IX   THE 


tLASS  I.    MONANDRIA. 
ORDER  I.     MONOGYXIA. 

Salicornia.  Calyx  inflated,  entire  :  corol  o  :  seed  I, 
inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

ORDER  II.    DIGYTVIA. 

Calliiriche.  Calyx  inferior,  2-leaved  :  capsule  membra- 
jiaceousand  margined  :  (flowers  sometimes  monoecious, 
and  by  some  the  calyx  is  called  the  corol.) 

Blitum.     Calyx  3-cleft,  berry-like  :  corol  o  :  seed  1* 

CLASS  II.     DIANDRIA. 

ORDER  I.    MONOGYNTA. 

A.     Corol  inferior,  1  -petalled,  regular :  border  4-parted~ 
Lignstruin.     Calyx  4-toothed  :   corol  with  ovate  dh€- 

sions  :  berry  4 -seeded. 
Syringa.     Corol  salver-form  :  capsule  2-celled. 

B.     Corol  inferior,  1-petalled,  irregular  :  seeds  in  capsules. 

Calalixi.  Corol  5-cleft  :  calyx  2-leaved  :  capsule  2- 
eelled. 

Gratiola.  Calyx  5-leaved  or  5-parted.  sometimes  \\  itli 
a  2-leaved  calycle  :  corol  4-cleft,  2-Iipped,  reversed  :  sta- 
mens sometitnes  4  j  (2  of  them  barren)  stigma  2-lipped  ? 
capsule  2-celled. 

Veronica.  Calyx  4-parted  :  corol  4-clcft,  lower  divi- 
sion smaller  :  capsule  2-celled,  obcordate. 

Callistachia.  Calvx  5 -parted  :  corol  tubular,  4-clcffj 
with  one  division  smaller  :  capsule  ovate,  2-celled. 

C.     Corol  inferior,  l-petalled,  irregular:  seeds  naked. 

Lycopus.  Calyx  tubular,  half  5-cleft :  corol  tubulaiv 
4-cleft,  nearly  equal,  1  division  eniarginate":  stamens  dis^ 
titnt :  seeds  tbui>  retuse. 


33  CLASS  III.    ORDER  iL 

Monarda.  Calyx  cyliudric,  striated*  5-toothed  :  cor- 
ol  ringent,  upper  lip  somewhat  linear,  involving  the  fila- 
ments. 

Salvia.  Calyx  tubular,  2-lipped,  under  lip  2-toothed  : 
corol  ringent :  filaments  affixed  to  pedicels  by  their  sides. 

Cottinsonia.     Calyx  tubular,  2-lipped:  corol  unequal, 
tinder  lip  many-cleft,  capillary  :  one  perfect  seed. 
D.     Corol  superior. 

Circaea.  Calyx  2-leaved  :  corol  2-petalled  :  capsule  his- 
pid, 2-celled,  not  gaping  ;  cells  I -seeded. 

ORDER  II.    DIGTNIA. 

Jlntlwxanthum.  Calyx,  glume  2-valved,  1  -flowered  : 
corol,  glume  2-valved,  acuminate,  awned  :  seed  1. 

CLASS  III.    TRIANDR1A. 

ORDER  I.    MONOGYNIA. 

A.  Corol  superior. 

Crocus-  Spathe  radical :  corol  funnel-form,  with  a 
long  slender  tube  :  stigma  deep-gashed,  crested. 

Iris.  Calyx,  spathe  2-valved  :  corol  6-parted,  divisions 
alternately  reflected  :  stigmas  petal-like. 

B.  Corol  inferior. 

Xyris.  Calyx,  glume  2-valved,  in  a  head  :  corol  3- 
petaJled,  equal,  crenate  :  capsule  3-valved,  many  seeded. 
C.  Plants  grassy  :  valves  of  the  calyx  glume-like. 

Cyperus.  Glumes  chaffy,  scales  imbricated  2-ways : 
seed  single,  beardless  :  spikelets  compressed. 

Stirpus.  Glumes  chaffy,  scales  imbricated  every  way  : 
seed  single,  naked,  surrounded  with  hairs  or  bristles. 

Trichophorum.  Calyx,  scales  imbricated  every  way  : 
seed  beset  with  capillary  bristles,  which  at  length  project 
out,  always  6  in  number  :  spikelets  ovatish. 

ORDER  II.    DIGTNIA.. 

The  proper  Grasses. 
A.     Glume  l-Jiowered  ;  spiked. 

Oryzopsis.  Calyx  2-valved,  lax,  obovate  :  corol  te- 
re^tisli-ovate,  leathery  :  valves  2,  outer  oner  awned  at  the 
apex  :  appendages  2,  linear,  chaffy. 


CLASS  IV.    ORDER  I.  39 

Hordeuni.  Calyx  lateral,  2-valved,  1  or  2-flowered ; 
florets  in  threes,  the  middle  one  sessile,  lateral  ones  often 
barren  :  corol  2-valved,  acute,  outer  valve  avvned. 

PMeum.  Calyx  hard,  2-valved,  sessile,  linear,  trun- 
cate, bicuspid  ate  :  corol  inclosed. 

B.    Glumes  2-flowered  or  more  ;  spiked. 

Secale.  Calyx  2-valved,  2  or  many  flowered,  opposite, 
solitary:  glumes  linear-lanceolate,  smooth  or  channelled 
both  sides. 

Tnticum.  Calyx  2-valved,  about  3-flowered,  alter- 
iiate  ;  florets  obtusish  and  pointed  :  glumes  beardless  or 
interruptedly  bearded  :  spikelcts  shortish. 

C.     Glumes  Q-Jtotvered  or  more  ;  in  panicles. 

Briza.  Calyx  2-valved,  many  flowered  :  spikelets  ol* 
the  panicle  2-ranked  :  valvelets  inflated,  heart-form,  ob- 
tuse ;  inner  one  minute. 

Dactylis.  Calyx  2-valved,  one  valve  smaller  :  coroi 
2-valved  :  awnless,  compressed,  carinate  :  style  long  : 
panicles  strait :  spikelets  imbricate  with  lateral  florets. 

Poa  Calyx  2-valved,  many  flowered  :  corol  ovate  ; 
valves  2-coloured,  acutish,  scarious  at  their  margins  : 
spikelets  of  the  panicle  ovate,  awnless.  , 

Bromus.  Calyx  2-valved  ;  spikelets  oblong,  terete-2- 
ranked  ;  valves  awned  below  the  tip, 

Jlvena.  Calyx  2-valved,  many  flowered  ;  valves  with 
a  twisted  awn  on  the  back  :  glumes  membranaceous  and 
somewhat  follicle-like. 

*  Alsine. 

ORDER  III.    TRIGYNIA. 

Mollngo.  Calyx  5-leaved,  inferior  :  corol  o  :  capsule 
3-cellcd,  S-vahed,  many  seeded. 

Proserpinaca.  Calyx  3-parted,  superior  :  nut  3-sided, 
S -eel led,  crowned  by  the  calyx. 

*  Alsine. 

CLASS  IV.    TETRANDRIA. 
ORDER  I.    MONOGYNIA. 

A.    Flowers  l-petalled,  inferior,  calyx  4-dcft. 

Plantago  Corol  4-cleft  reflexed  :  capsule  2-celled, 
opening  transversely  :  stamens  very  long. 


40  CLASS  V.    ORDER  I. 

ffoustonia.  Corol  salvei'-form  :  capsule  2-cclled,  £'- 
Yalved,  2-sceded. 

B.  Flowers  1-petalled,  superior. 

Mitchella.  Calyx  4-toothrd  :  corols  2  on  earhgernij 
tubular  :  berry  double,  4-seeded  :  stigmas  4. 

Cephalanthus.  Inflorescence  in  a  head  :  general  calyx 
none  :  proper  calyx  superior  :  corol  funnel-form  :  recep- 
tacle globular,  hairy  :  seed  solitary,  oblong. 

Galium.  Calyx  4-toothed  :  corol  flat ;  seeds  2,  round- 
ish- 

C.  Flmcers  4-pdaUcd9  superior. 

Cornus.  Calyx  4-toothed  :  drupe  with  a  2-celled  nut. 
Some  species  have  a  4-leaved  involucre. 

Ludwigin.  Calyx  4 -parted,  the  divisions  long,  perma- 
nent :  capsule  4-cornered,  4-celled,  perforated  at  the  top,, 
many  seeded — (petal  sometimes  wanting.) 

*  Convallaria,  Cardaminc. 

ORDER  II.     DIGYNIA. 

TELamamdix.  Involucre  3-leaved  :  perianth  4-leavcd  : 
petals  4,  very  long,  linear  :  nut  2-celled,  4-horned. 

*  Cuscuta,  Gentiana. 

ORDER  IV.    TETRAGTNIA. 

JPatamogeton.     Calyx  o  :  petals  4  :  stylo  o  :  seeds  4, 

CLASS  V.    PENTANDRIA. 

ORDER  I.    MONOGYNIA. 

A.     Flowers   1-petallcd,  inferior  ;  having  4  naked  seeds* 
Rough-leaved  plants. 

Lithotyermum.  Calyx  5-parted  :  corol  funnel-forai, 
with  an  open  throat  :  seeds  ovate,  pointed,  stoney  :  sta- 
mens and  pistils  inclosed 

Cynoglossiim.  Calyx  5-partcd  :  corol  funnel-form, 
Taulted,  throat  closed  :  seeds  depressed,  afb'xcd  to  the 
side  of  the  style. 

Myosoiis.  *Calyx  half-5-cleft :  corol  salver-form,  curv- 
ed, 5-cleft,  vaulted,  throat  closed,  the  lobes  slightly  emaiv 
ginate  :  seeds  smooth  or  prickly. 

Borago.  Corol  wheel -form,  the  throat  closed  with  ra.ys 
surrounding  the  stamens. 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  I.  41 

B.  Flowers  l-petalled9  inferior  ;  seeds  covered  with  a  1- 
celled  capsule. 

Hydrophyllum.  Corol  bell-form,  5-rleft,  with  5  longi- 
tudinal honey -bearing  groves  inside  :  capsule  globose,  2- 
valved :  stigma  2-cleft. 

Lysimachia.  Corol  wheel-form  :  capsul e  globular,  10- 
valved,  mucronate  :  stigma  obtuse.— (In  some  species  the 
filaments  are  united  at  the  base.) 

Primula.  Umbellets  involucred  :  tube  of  corol  cylin- 
dric,  throat  open,  divisions  of  corol  emarginate  :  capsule 
1-celled  with  a  10-cleft  mouth  :  stigma  globular. 

C.  Flowers  t-petalled,  inferior)  capsules  2-celled. 

Convolvulus.  Corol  funnel-form,  plaited  :  stigma  2- 
cleft  or  double  :  cells  of  the  capsule  2  or  3  ;  each  2-seeded. 

Datura.  Calyx  tubular,  angled,  caducous  :  corol  fun- 
nel-form,  plaited  ;  capsule  4-valved,  sometimes  4-celled, 
smooth  or  thorny. 

Verbascum.  Corol  wheel-form,  somewhat  irregular  : 
stamens  declined,  hairy  :  capsules  2-celled,  2-valvcd  j 
valves  inflexed :  many-seeded. 

D.  Flowers  l-petalled,  inferior  ;  capsules  S~celled. 
Phlox.    Calyx  prismatic  :  corol  salver-forrn  ;  with  a 

tube  somewhat  curved  :  filaments  unequal  in  length  : 
stigmas  5-cleft :  capsule  S -celled,  1 -seeded. 

Ipomoea.  Corol  funnel  or  bell-form,  with  5  plaits  : 
stigma  globe-headed,  papillose  :  capsule  2  or  3-celled, 
many-seeded. 

E.  Flowers  l-petalled,  inferior;  capsules  5 -celled. 
Azalea.    Corol  tubular,  half-5-cleft,  somewhat  oblique : 

.stamens  on  the  receptacle  f  stigma  obtuse,  usually  ending 
with  5  short  papillae. 

Tinea.    Corol  salver-form,  twisted,  border  5-cleft,  with 
oblique  divisions  ;  throat  5 -angled  :  seed  naked,  oblong  : 
follicles  2,  erect,  terete,  narrow. 
F-    Flowers  1  -petalled9  inferior  }  having  berries  2-celled. 

Solatium.  Calyx  permanent :  corol  bell  or  wheel-form, 
o-lobed,  plaited  :  anthers  thickened,  with  two  pore^at 
the  top  :  berry  containing  many  seeds. 

Capsicum.  Corol  wheel-form  :  berry  jtiiceless  :  an- 
thers converging :  calyx  angular. 


42  CLASS  V.    ORDER  I. 

O.  Flowers  1-petalled  superior  :  calyx  5-deft. — 
woody. J 

Lonicera.  Corol  tubular,  5-cIeft,  unequal  r  berry  2  or 
4-celled  :  seeds  many. 

Xylosteum.  Corol  tubular,  border  5-parted,  nearly 
equal :  berries  in  pairs,  whose  bases  are  attached  togeth- 
er or  which  are  united  in  one. 

Diervitta.  Calyx  oblong  :  carol  twice  as  long  as  calyx? 
funnel-form,  border  5 -cleft,  spreading  :  capsule  oblong^ 
4-celled,  many-seeded.  f 

C Steins  not  woody. } 

Campanula.  Corol  bell-form,  closed  at  the  bottom  by 
valves  bearing  the  stamens  :  stigma  3  to  5-clet't  :  capsule 
3  to  5-celled,  opening  by  lateral  pores 

Lobelia.  Corol  irregular,  often  irregularly  slitted  :  an- 
thers cohering  and  somewhat  curved  :  stigma  simple  ; 
capsule  2  or  3-celled. 

Mirabilis.  Corol  funnel-form,  contracted  below  :  calyx 
inferior  :  germ  between  the  calyx  and  corol :  stigtaa 
globular. 

H.  Flowers  5-petalled,  inferior. 
(Stems  woody.  J 

Ceanothus.  Petals  vaulted,  standing  in  the  cup-fojTtt 
ealyx  ;  berry  or  capsule  dry,  3-grained ... 

Celastrus.  Calyx  flat  :  corol  spreading  :  capsule  3-an- 
gled,  3-celled,  berry -like  :  stigma  3-cleft  i  seeds  calyp- 
tred. 

Vitis.  Calyx  5-toothed  :  petals  cohering  at  the  tip 
hood-like,  withering  :  berry  5-seeded,  globular.  (Often 
dioecious  ) 

Ampelopsis.  Calyx  5-toothed  :  petals  reflexed,  spread- 
ing :  berry  5-seeded,  globular. 

(Stems  not  woody.} 

Impatiens.  Calyx  2-leaved  :  corol  irregular,  spurred  : 
anthers  cohering  :  capsule  elastic,  5-valved. 

Viola-  Calyx  5-leaved  :  rorol  irregular,  with  a  horn 
behind  (sometime  the  horn  is  wanting  :)  anthers  attached 
by  a  membranous  tip  :  capsule  1-ceHed,  3^-valved. 

Claytonia.  Calyx  2-valvcd  :  stigma  3-ciei't  :  capsujfc 
1-celled,  3-valved,  3-seedetl. 


CLASSY.    ORDER  II.  *3 

I.    Flowers  5-petalled9  superior. 
Corol  and  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx :  style 
2-cleft :  berry  many  seeded. 
*  Sedum. 

ORDER  II.    DIGYNIA. 

A.  Follicles  2  .-  cowl  \-petalled,  with  a  Jive-parted  border. 
Jlpocynum.     Corol  bell-form  :  stamens  with  converg- 
ing anthers  adhering  to  the  stigma,  alternating  with  5- 
ne'ctaries  :  stigma  thick  :  follicles  long-linear. 
B-  Capsules  I  or  2-celled>  2-valved  :eorol  l-petalled  :  calyx- 

5-cleft. 

Gentiana.     Corol  with  a  tubular  base,  without  pores  i 
eapsule  1-celled,  oblong  :  columellas  2,  longitudinal. 

Cuscuta.     Corol  5-cleft :   capsule  2-celied,    dividing 
transversely  at  the  base  :  seeds  growing  together  in  pairs. 

C.     Corol  o. 

Chenopodium.     Calvx    5-leaved,   5-angled,  inferior :. 
seed  1,  lens-like,  invested  by  the  calyx. 

Ulmus.     Calyx  bell-form  withering,  border   5-cleft  : 
seed  1,  enclosed  in  a  flat  membranaceou*  samara.  (Stam- 
ens vary  from  4  to  8.) 
1).  Plants  UMBELLIFEROUS.  Flowers  5-petalled9  2-seeded* 

(With  general  and  partial  involucres.} 
Coriandrum.     Carols  radiate,  with  petals  inflected,  em* 
argintxte :  general  involucre  1-leafed ;  partial  one  halved:: 
fruit  globular. 

Sanicula.  Flowers  of  the  disk  abortive  :  umbels  crowd- 
ed into  head-like  heaps  :  seeds  prickly. 

BauCus.    Involucres  pinnatifid  :  flower's  somewhat  ra- 
diate, those  of  the  disk  abortive  :  fruit  hispid  with  hairs. 
Ligusticum.  Involucre  membranaceous :  calyx  5-tooth- 
ed  :  petals  equal,  involute,  entire  :  fruit-  3  or  5-ribbe<J 
eftcli  side,  oblong, 

(With  a  partial,  and  without  a  general^  involucre. ) 
Myrrhis.     Umbel  compound  :  involucres  erect  :  fruit 
sub-linear,  angled,  tailed  ;  angles  a  little  furrowed  and  his- 
pid ;  the  joining  sides  of  seeds  furrowed  :  style  subulate. 
{Without  a  partial  involucre,  and  rarely  having  a  general 

one.} 

Anethum.    Fruit  ovatish,  compressed  striate  :  petals 
involute,  entire. 


44  CLASS  VI.    ORDER  I. 

Apium.  Fruit  ovate,  striate  :  involucre  1 -leafed  :  pet- 
als equal. 

*  Polygonum. 

ORDER  III.    TRIGYNIA. 

A.  Carols. superior ,  5 -cleft. 

Viburnum.    Calyx  5-parted :  berry  or  drupe  1 -seeded, 
Sambucus.    Calyx  5-parted  :  berry  3-seeded. 

JJ.  Carols  inferior9  5-petalled. 

Staphylea.  Calyx  5-parted  :  capsules  inflated,  con- 
nate ;  nuts  globular,  having  a  cicatrice. 

Rhus.  Calyx  5-parted  ;  berry  1 -seeded. 

Jttsine.  Calyx  5-leaved  t  petals  equal :  capsule  1 -cell- 
ed, 3-vaived,  many  seeded  $  having  a  free  central  colu- 
mella. 

*  Euphorbia. 

ORDER  IV.    TETRAGYNIA. 

Parnassia.  Calyx  5-parted  :  corol  5-petalled  :  necta- 
ries 5,  with  stamen-like  divisions,  globular  tips  :  cap- 
sule 4-valved,  2 -celled  :  seed  membranaceous-margined* 

ORDER  V.    PENTAGYITIA. 

JJralia.  Umbellets  involucred :  perianth  5-toothed,  su- 
perior :  petals  5  :  berry  crowned,  5-celled  -,  cells  1 -seed- 
ed. 

Linum.  Calyx  5-leaved  :  corol  5 -petal led  :  capsule  5- 
valved,  10-celled  :  seeds  solitary  :  filaments  thickening 
at  the  base. 

*  Cerastium. 

CLASS  VI.    HEXANDRIA, 
ORDER  I.    MONOGYNIA. 

A.  Flowers  'with  a  perianth  and  corol9  without  a  spathe. 

Tradescantia.  Calyx  inferior,  3-leaved  :  corol  3-petaI- 
led  :  filaments  with  jointed  hairs  :  capsules  3-celled. 

Berberris.  Calyx  inferior,  6-leaved  :  petals  6,  with  2 
glands  at  the  claw  of  each  :  style  o  :  berry  1 -celled,  2- 
seeded.  (Stigiria  navelled  ;  stamens  spring  up  on  being 
irritated.) 


VL    ORDER  I.  43' 

B.  Flowers  with  a  spathe  or  glume  without  a  perianth. 

Hypoxis.  Glume-like  spathe  2-valvcd  :  corol  superior, 
6'-parted,  permanent  :  capsule  elongated,  narrow  at  the 
base  :  seeu  roundish. 

Jlllium.  Spathe  many  flowered  :  petals  inferior,  ovate, 
spreading,  sessile.  (Flowers  in  close  umbels  or  heads.) 

Narcissus.  Petals  6,  equal,  superior  :  nectary  bell- 
form,  1 -leafed,  including*  the  stamens. 

Pontederia.  Corol  interior,  6-cleft,  2  lipped  :  capsule 
fleshy,  3-ceIIed,  many  seeded  :  3-stamens  commonly  in- 
serted on  the  tip,  and* three  on  the  tube  of  the  corol. 

C.    Flowers  without  a  calyx. 

Hemerocattis.  Corol  6-parted,  tub ular-funn el-form  : 
stamens  declined  :  stigma  small,  simple. 

Erythronium.  Corol  liliaceous,  inferior,  6-petalled  ^ 
petals  reflcxed,  having  2  tubercle-form  nectaries  at  the 
base  of  the  three  inner  alternate  petals. 

Asparagus.  Corol  inferior,  deeply  6-parted,  erect ; 
the  three  inner  divisions  reflexed  at  the  apex:  berry  3- 
celled  ;  many-seeded. 

Hyacinthus.  Corol  roundish  or  bell-form,  equal,  6-cIcft : 
nectariferous  pores  at  the  top  of  the  germ :  stamens  in- 
serted in  the  middle  of  the  corol :  cells  somewhat  2-seeded» 

Lilium.  Corol  inferior  liliaceous  6-petalled  ;  petals 
with  a  longitudinal  line  from  the  middle  to  the  base  :  stig- 
ma 3-Iobed  |  capsule,  with  the  valves  connected  by  hairs 
crossing  as  in  a  sieve. 

Tidipa.     Corol  6-petalled,  liliaceous  :  style  none. 

Fritillaria.  Corol  6-petalled,  bell-form,  with  a  necta- 
riferous cavity  above  the  claw  of  each  :  stamens  of  the 
length  of  the  corol :  seeds  flat. 

Convallaria.  Corol  inferior,  6-cleft  :  berry  S-celled, 
spotted  before  ripening. 

Uvularia.  Corol  inferior,  6-petalled,  with  a  nectari- 
ferous hollow  at  the  base  of  each  petal :  filaments  very 
short. 

*  Trientalis,  Polygonum,  Laurus,  Corydalis. 

ORDER  II.     DIGYNIA. 

Orysca.  Calyx,  glume  2-valved,  1-flowered  :  corol  2- 
valved,  adhering  to  tlie  seed* 

*  Ulmiis. 


46  CLASS  VIII.    ORDER  I. 

ORDER  III.    TRIGYNIA. 

Medeola.  Calyx  o  :  corol  deeply  6- parted,  revolutc  : 
berry  3-seeded. 

Veralrum.  Polygamous.  Calyx  o  :  corol  6-petalled, 
without  glands  :  cVpsules  3.  many-seeded. 

Trillium.  Calyx  3-leaved,  inferior,  spreading  :  corol 
f>-petalled  :  berry  3-celled,  many-seeded. 

Rumex.  Calyx  3-leaved  :  petals  5,  converging  ;  stig- 
ma many-cleft :  seed  1,  naked,  three-sided. 

ORDER  XIII.    POLYGYNIA. 

Misma.  Calyx  3  leaved  :  petals  3  :  capsules  nnmer* 
ous,  1 -seeded. 

CLASS  VII.    EEPTANDRIA. 
ORDER  I.    MONOGYSIA. 

Trientcdis.  Calyx  7 -leaved  :  corol  7-parted,  equaf,> 
flat :  berry  juiceless  :  number  of  stamens  variable. 

*!Esculus.     Calyx  inflated,  4  or  5-toothed  :  corol  4  or 
5-petalled,  inserted  on  the  calyx,  unequal,   pubescent  :^ 
Capsule  3-ce!Ied  :  seeds  large,  chesnut-tbrm. 
*  Polygon  urn  orientale. 

CLASS  VIII.  '  OCTANDRIA. 
ORDER  I.    MONOGYNIA. 

A.  Flowers  superior. 

Oxycoccus.  Calyx  superior  4-cleft :  corol  4-parted, 
the  divisions  nearly  linear,  revolute  :  filaments  converg- 
ing, anthers  tubular,  2  parted  :  berry  many-seeded. 

JEpilobium.  Calyx  4-cleft :  corol  4-petalled  :  capsule 
oblong  and  of  great  length  :  seeds  feathered. 

Oenothera.  Calyx  4-cleft,  tubular :  caducous,  divisions 
deflected  :  petals  4,  inserted  on  the  calyx  :  stigma  4- 
eleft;  capsule  4-celled,  4-valved  :  seeds  not  feathered. 

B.  Flowers  inferior. 

llhexia.  Calyx  pitcher-form,  4  or  5-cleft :  petals  4, 
oblique,  inserted  on  the  calyx  :  anthers  declined  :  cap- 
sule 4-celled,  within  the  ealyx,  setose  ;  seeds  numerous, 
cochleate. 

Acer.  Polygamous.  Calyx  5-cleft  :  corol  4  or  5-pet- 
alkd  or  wanting :  samaras  2,  united  at  the  base,  1  -seeded. 


CLASS  X.    ORDER  I.  47 

Tropoeolum.    Calyx  4  or  5-cleft,  coloured,  spurred  £ 
petals  4  or  5,  unequal  :  nuts  leathery,'  sulcate. 
ORDER  II.     DYGIMA. 

Chrysospknium.     Calyx  4  or  5-cleft.  coloured  :  corol 
o  :  capsule  2-beaked,  1  celled,  many-seeded. 
ORDER  III.    TRIGYNIA. 

Pdygonum.  Calyx  inferior,  5-parted,  coloured,  corol 
o  :  seed  l,  angular,  covered  with  the  calyx — (Stamens 
and  pistils  vary  in  number — The  calyx  in  some  species 
might  be  taken  for  a  corol.) 

CLASS  IX.    ENNEANDRIA. 

ORDER  I.    MONOGYNIA. 

Laurus.  Calyx  4  to  6-parted  :  corol  o  :  nectaries  3^ 
two-bristled  glands,  surrounding  the  germ  :  drupe  1 -seed- 
ed. (Stamens  vary  from  3  to  14 — often  dioecious — The 
calyx  may  be  taken  for  a  corol.) 

ORDER  III.    TRIGYNIA. 

Rheum.  Calyx  none  :  corol  6- cleft,  permanent :  seed 
1$  3-sided. 

CLASS  X.    DECANDRIA. 

ORDER  I.    MONOGYNIA. 
A.  Flowers  many-petalled,  irregular. 
Podalyria.     Calyx  5-cleft,  somewhat  2-lipped  :  corol 
papilionaceous,  wings  of  the  length  of  the  banner :  legume 
inflated,  smooth,  many-seeded. 

Cassia.  Calyx  5-leaved  :  corol  5-petalled  :  anthers, 
3  lower  ones  beaked  :  legume  membranaceous. 

15.  Flowers  5-petalted,  regular. 

Fyrola.  Calyx  5-parted  :  anthers  with  2  pores  :  cap- 
sule" 5-relled,  dehiscent  at  the  angles. 

Chimavlitta.  Calyx  5-parted  :  petals  5  :  stigma  ses- 
sile, thick,  orbiculate  ;  germ  immersed  :  anthers  beaked, 
opening  with  a  kind  of  2-valved  aperture  :  capsules  5-cel- 
led,  dehiscent  at  the  angles. 

C.  Flowers  l-petalled. 

Andromeda.  Calyx  5-parted,  inferior:  corol  ovate  or 
romulish,  with  a  5-cleft  reflexed  mouth  :  capsule  5-celled- 
\vith  partitions  contrary.  (Stamens  sometimes  8.) 


4S  CLASS  X.     ORDER  V. 

Kalmia.  Calyx  5-parted  :  corol  wheel  -sal ve-rforw* 
with  10  horns  beneath  anil  10  cavities  within  :  capsule  5- 
celled. 

Vacciniiim.  Calyx  5-toothed  or  5 -parted  :  corol  bell 
or  pitcher-form,  5-clel't,  the  divisions  reflected  :  filaments 
inserted  on  the  germ  with  the  corol :  berry  4  or  5-cellcdj 
many  seeded. 

Epigaea.  Calyx  double,  outer  S-leaved,  inner  5-part- 
ed  :  corol  salver-form  ;  capsule  5-ceIled,  many-seeded. 

Gauitheria.  Calyx  inferior,  double,  outer  2-leaved,  in- 
ner 5-cleft  :  corol  ovate ;  capsule  5-celled,  invested  with 
the  inner,  berried,  calyx  :  nectary  surrounding  the  germ 
10  pointed. 

D.    Calyx  none. 

Monotropa.  Corol  10-petaIIed  ;  5-outer  with  nectarif- 
erous hollows  at  the  base  :  capsules  5-valved.  (A  half 
of  the  carpogenation  sometimes  wanting,) 

*  Geranium,  Rhexia,  Portulacca,  Lythrum. 

ORDER  II.     DIGYKIA. 

Saxifragn.  Calyx  5-parted  :  corol  5-petalled  :  cap^ 
sule  1 -celled,  2-beaked  ;  many  seeded. 

Tiarella*  Calyx  5-partcd  :  corol  inserted  on  the  calyx  ; 
5-petalled,  petals  entire  :  capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved,  1 
valve  larger. 

Mitdia-  Calyx  5-clelt :  petals  5  on  the  calyx,  pinnati- 
fid  :  capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved,  valves  equal. 

niantlius.  Calyx  interior,  cylindrical,  1 -leafed,  with  4 
to  8  scales  at  the  base  :  petals  5  with  claws  :  capsules  cy- 
lindrical, 1-celled,  dehiscent  at  the  top. 

Saponaria.  Calyx  inferior;  1 -leafed,  tubular, without 
.scales  :  petals  5,  with  claws  :  capsule  oblong,  1-celled. 

*  Chrysosplenium. 

ORDER  III.    TRIGTNIA. 

Silent.  Calyx  1 -leafed,  inferior,  conic  :  petals  5,  with 
claws  appcndageu  at  the  mouth  :  capsule  imperfectly  Q- 
celled. 

ORDER  V.    PENTAGYNIA. 

Sedum.  Calyx  inferior  5-cleft:  petals  5  :  5  nectari- 
ferous acalesatthe  base  oi*  the  germ  :  capsules  5. 

Pcnthonnn.  Calyx  5-10-cleft :  petals  5  or  0  :  capsule 
ff-cuspidatc,  5-cclled. 


CLASS  XII.    ORDER  I.  49 

Oxalis.  Calyx  5-leaved  inferior  :  petals  5,  cohering 
by  the  claws  :  capsule  5-celled,  5-cornered,  dehiscent  at 
the  corners  :  stamens  with  5  shorter  outer  ones  adher- 
ing at  their  bases. 

jlgrostemma.  Calyx  1 -leaved  coriaceous  :  petals  5 
with  claws,  border  obtuse,  entire  :  capsule  1 -celled,  ma- 
ny-seeded. 

* '  Cerastium.  Calyx  5-leaved:  petals  5,  2 -cleft :  cap- 
sule 1-celled,  dehiscent  at  top,  tooth-like. 

Lychnis.  Calyx  l .leaved,  oblong, petals  5, with  claws: 
the  limb  somewhat  2-cleft :  capsule  1  or  5-celled. 

*  Phytolacca. 

ORDER  X.    DECAGYNIA. 

Phytolacca.  Calyx  o :  corol  5-petalled,  calyx-like,  in- 
ferior :  berry  10-celled,  10-secded. 

CLASS  XI.    DODECANDRIA. 
ORDER  I.    MONOGYNTA. 

^sarum9  Calyx  3  or  4 -cleft,  superior  :  corol  o  :  stigr 
ma  6-(  left  :  capsule  coriaceous,  crowned  with  the  calyx. 

Portulacca.  Calyx  2-cleft,  inferior  :  corol  5-pctalJod  : 
capsule  1-celled,  opening  transversely  :  columella  5,  fili- 
form. 

Lythrum.  Calyx  6,  8, 10  or  12-toothcd,  inferior :  pet- 
als 5  or  6  on  the  calyx :  capsule  2-cellcd,  many-secde<f, 
covered. 

ORDER  II.    DIGYNIA, 

Jlgrimoniq,.  Calyx  5-toothed,  invested  with  an  oute~? 
one  :  petals  5  :  seeds  2,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx. 

*  Delphinium, 

ORDER  III.    TRIGYNIA. 

Euphorbia.  Calyx  I -leaved,  inflated  :  petals  4  or  $> 
standing  on  the  calyx  :  capsule  3  grained.  Flowers  not 
umbelled. 

OlIDER  XIII.      PoLYGYMA. 

fiempervium.  Calyx  9  to  12-parted  :  petals  8  to  12  : 
capsules  12,  many  seeded.  (Stamens  16  or  20.) 

CLASS  XII.    ICOSANDRIA. 

ORDER  I.    MOXOGYNIA. 

PJnladelphuS.    CaJyx  4  or  5-parted,  superior  :  cofpl  5* 

E 


50  CLASS  XIII.     ORDER  L 

petallcd  :  style  4  -cleft  :  capsule  4  or  5-celled,  many  seeded  : 
seed  arilled. 

Primus.     Calyx  5  -cleft,  inferior  :  corol  5-petalled  :  nut 
of  the  drupe  smooth  with  prominent  seams  at  the  sutures. 

•Amygdalus.     Calyx  5  -cleft,   inferior  :  petals  5  :  drupe 
with  a  nut  perforated  with  pores  :  flowers  sessile. 
rum. 


I£ROM  ORDER  II,  DIGYNIA,  TO  ORDER  V.  PENTAGYMA. 

Crataegns.  Calyx  superior,  5-cleft  :  petals  5  :  styles 
generally-  3  or  5  :  berry  mealy  :  seeds  2  to  5,  hony. 

Jlronia.  Calyx  5  -toothed  :  petals  5  :  fruit  pomaceous  : 
berry  5  or  10-celled  $  cells  1  or  2-secdcd  ;  seeds  cartila- 
ginous. 

Pyrus.  Calyx  5-cleft,  superior  :  corol  5-petalled  : 
pome  5  celled,  many  seeded  :  seeds  ovate,  thick,  not  mem- 
uranaceous  or  cartilagenous. 

Spiraea.  Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior,  spreading  :  corol  5-- 
petalled :  capsule  2-valved  within,  many-seeded. 

ORDER  XIII.    POLYGYNIA. 

Rosa.  Calyx  urn-form,  5-cleft,  fleshy,  contracted  to* 
wants  the  top  :  petals  5  :  seeds  numerous,  bristly,  fixed 
to  the  sides  of  the  calyx  within. 

Rubus.  Calyx  5-cleft,  corol  5-petalled  :  pistils  nume- 
rous :  hcrry  composed  of  many  juicy,  1  --seeded  acines. 

Fragaria.  Calyx  10-cleft,  5  alternate  divisions  small- 
er :  corol  5-pc  tailed  ;  receptacle  ovate,  berry-like,  cadu- 
cous. 

Comarum.  Calyx  10-cleft,  5-alternate  divisions  small- 
er :  petals  5,  smaller  than  the  calyx  ;  receptacle  ovate, 
spongy,  permanent,  villous. 

CLASS  XIII.    POLYANDRIA. 
ORDER  I.     MOXOGYXIA. 

Cimicifuga.  Calyx  ahout  4  -leaved,  hecoftiing  colored 
before  expanding,  caducous  :  corol  o  :  stigma  sessile* 
converging  towards  the  gibbous  side  of  the  germ  :  cap- 
sule 2-valved. 

Cistus.  Calyx  5-leaved,  2  of  them  smaller  :  corol  &.- 
petalled  :  capsule  S-valved,  opening  at  the  top.. 


CLASS  XIII.    ORDER  V.  51 

Sarracema.  Calyx  double,  3  and  5-Ieaved :  corol  5- 
petalled  ;  stigma  peltate,  covering  the  stamens  :  capsule 
5-ceIled. 

Tilia.  Calyx  5-parted  :  corol  5-petalled  :  capsule  5-cell- 
ed,  globular,  coriaceous,  dehiscent  at  the  base,  1-seeded. 

tianguinaria.  Calyx  caducous,  2-!eaved  :  corol  about 
8-petailed  :  capsule  pod-like,  ovate,  1 -celled. 

Podophyiium.  Calyx  S-leaved  :  corol  about  9-petalled  : 
berry  1 -celled,  crowned  with  the  stigma. 

Nymphaea.  Calyx  4  to  7 -leaved,  equalling  the  pet- 
als :  corol  many-pe'talled  :  stigma  marked  with  radiated 
lines  :  berry  many-celled,  many-seeded. 

Ntiphar.  Calyx  5  or  6-lcaved,  petals  numerous,  much 
smaller  than  the  calyx,  inserted  on  the  receptacle  with 
the  stamens,  nectariferous  on  their  backs  :  stigma  with 
radiate  furrows,  sessile :  berry  many-celled,  many-seeded, 

FROM  ORDER  II.  DIGYNIA,  TO  ORDER  V.  PEXTAGYNIA. 

Hypericum.  Calyx  5-parted,  divisions  subovate  :  corol 
5-petalled  :  filaments  often  united  at  th»  base  in  3  or  5 
sets  :  styles  2  to  5  :  capsules  roundish  with  a  number  of 
cells  equal  to  the  number  of  styles. 

Delphinium.  Calyx  o :  corol  5-petalled,  unequal :  nec- 
tary 2-cleft,  horned  behind  :  capsules  1  or  3,  pod-like. 

Jlconituin.  Calyx  o  :  petals  5,  upper  one  vaulted  :  nec- 
taries 2,  hooded,  peduncled,  recurved  :  capsules  3  or  5, 
pod -like. 

Aquilcgia.  Calyx  o  :  petals  5  :  nectaries  5,  alternating 
with  the  petals  and  ending  in  horns  beneath  :  capsules 
5,  distinct. 

NigeUa.     Calyx  none  :  petals  5  :  nectaries  5,  three- 
cleft,  within  the  corol :  capsules  5,  convex. 
*  Caltha,  Hepatica. 

ORDER  XIII.    POLYGAMIA. 

Clematis.  Calyx  o  :  petals  3,  4,  5  or  6  ;  seeds  com- 
pressed :  styles  permanent*  becoming  long  tails.  (Some 
species  are  dioecious.) 

Thalictrum.  Calyx  o  :  petals  4  or  5  :  filaments  very 
long  :  seeds  without  tails,  striate,  terete.  (Some  species 
are  dic&cious.) 

Coptis.  Calyx  o  :  petals  5  or  6,  caducous  :  nectaries 
5  or  6,  cowled  :  capsules  5  to  8,  stipcd,  stellate,  Deaked, 
many-seeded. 


under 


52  CLASS  XIY.     ORDER  I. 

Caltha.  Calyx  o  :  petals  5  to  9  :  capsules  numerous} 
many-seeded  :  nectaries  o  :  (styles  variable  in  number.) 

Hepatica.     Calyx  3-leaved  :  petals  6  to  9  :  seed  naked. 

Ranunculus.  Calyx  5-leaved  :  petals  5,  with  claws 
and  a  nectariferous  pore  or  scale  on  the  inside  of  each  : 
seeds  numerous. 

Jldonis.  Calyx  4  or  5-Ieavcd  :  petals  5  or  more,,  without 
nectariferous  pores  :  seeds  awnless. 

CLASS  XIV.    DIDYNAMIA. 
OKDER  I.     GYMXOSPERMIA. 

A.    Cfl/^.r  5 -parted  ivith  the  divisions  or  teeth  nearly  equal. 

Lamhim.     Corol  with  the  upper  lip  entire,  vaulted  $ 

dt-r  lip  2-lobcd  :  throat  with  a  tooth  at  each  margin. 

Nepetti.-  Calyx  dry,  striated  :  corol  with  a  longish 
tube,  under  lip  with  the  middle  division  crenatc,  throat 
with  a  reflected  margin  *  stamens  approaching. 

Mentha*  Corol  nearly  equal,  4-cleft  :  broadest  divi- 
sion emarginate  :  stamens  erect,  distant. 

Leonnrus.  Calyx  5-angled,  o -toothed,  corol  with  the 
upper  lip  villose,  flat  entire  $  lower  lip  3-parted,  middle 
division  undivided. 

Glechoma.  Calyx  5-cleft  :  each  pair  of  anthers  ap- 
proaching so  as  to  exhibit  the  form  of  a  cross. 

B.     Calyx  2-lipped. 

Trichostema.  Corol  with  the  upper  lip  falcate  :  the  un- 
der lip  3  -parted  with  the  middle  division  small,  oblong  : 
filaments  very  long-exsert,  curved. 

Scutellaria.  Calyx  with  an  entire  mouth,  which  is 
closed  with  a  lid  after  the  corol  falls  out :  tube  of  corol 
bent. 

Origanum.  Calyxes  collected  into  a  4-sided  strobile- 
like  cone,  with  broad  intervening  bracts  :  corol  with  the 
upper  lip  erect,  flat ;  under  lip  3-parted,  divisions  nearly 
equal. 

'Thymus.  Calyx  with  the  throat  closed  with  hairs  : 
rorol  with  the  upper  lip  flat,  emarginate  ;  lower  lip  lon- 
ger. 

Prunella.  Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  dilated  :  filaments 
2-forked  with  an  anther  on  one  of  the  points  :  stigma  2- 
cleft. 


CLASS  XV.    ORDER  I.  53 

ORDER  II.    ANGIOSPERMIA, 
A.     Calyx  4-clcft. 

Sartsia.  Calyx  lobed,  emarginate,  coloured  :  corol 
less  than  calyx  j  upper  lip  longest  :  capsules-celled; 
seed  angled. 

M'lampyrum.  Corol  with  the  upper  lip  compressed, 
the  margin  folded  hack  :  capsule  2-celled,  oblique,  de- 
hiscent on  one  side  :  seeds  2,  gibbous. 

B.     Calyx  5 -deft  or  5-leaved.       £>•- 

Scrophnlaria.  Calyx  5-cIeft :  corol  sub-gk>bose-,resiipi- 
nate,  middle  division  of  lower  lip  reflexcd  :  capsule  2- 
celled.  Generally  a  rudiment  of  a  fifth  filament. 

Antirrhinum.  Calyx  5-leaved  or  deeply  5 -parted,  the 
two  lower  divisions  remote  :  corol  ringent,  spurred  of 
with  a  prominent  base,  throat  closed  with  a  prominent 
pallate  :  capsule  ovate,  2-vaIved,  dehiscent  at  the  apex. 

Gerardia.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed  :  corol  some- 
what bellform,  unequally  5-lobed  :  capsule  2-celled,  de- 
hiscent at  the  top. 

Pedicularis.  Calyx  5  cleft  or  obliquely  truncate  :  cor- 
ol ringent :  capsule  2-celled,  nlucronate,  oblique  :  seeds 
numerous,  coated* 

Mimulus.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed  :  corol  ringent, 
upper  lip  folded  back  upon  its  sides  :  stigma  thick  :  cap- 
sule 2-celled,  many-seeded. 

Chelone.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-leaved  :  corol  ringfcnt,  in- 
flated ;  the  upper  lip  emarginate,  obtuse  ;  under  lip  slight- 
ly 3-cleft :  the  rudiment  of  a  smooth  filament  between  the 
two  tallest  stamens:  capsule  2-celled. 

Pentstemon.     Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-leaved  :  corol  ringent, 
inflated  ;  the  rudiment  of  a  bearded  filament   between 
the  two  tallest  stamens  :  capsule  2-celled. 
*  Linnsea,  Verbena. 

CLASS  XV.    TETRAD YNAM1A. 
ORDER  I.    SILICCLOSA. 

AH  plants  of  this  class*  have  flowers  with  4 -leaved 
calyxes  and  cruciform  corols. 

Cochlearia.  Silicic  thick,  to  rulose,  many-seeded,  2-val- 
ved  ;  the  valves  gibbous1  obtuse. 

Lepidium.  Calyx  spreading  :  corol  regular  :  silicic 

E  2 


54  CLASS  XV.    ORDER  II. 

emargiriate,  cordate,  many-seeded  :  valves  carinate,  par- 
tition contrary. 

Thlaspi.    Calyx  spreading  :  silicle  emarginatc,  obcor- 
date,  many-seeded  ;  valves  resemble   2  boats  with  the 
keels  outward. 
*  Sisymbrium. 

ORDER  II.    SILIOJJOSA. 

A.  Calyx  leaves  converging  or  closed  dpon  the  corols,  when 
thejlowers  are  mature. 

Gratis.  Glands  4,  one  within  each  leafet  of  the  calyx, 
of  the  size  of  the  reflected  scale  :  siiique  compressed, 
torulose,  sub-divaricate. 

Turritis.  Calyx  converging,  erect  :  corol  erect :  sili- 
que  very  long,  angled,  striate. 

Hesperis.  Calyx  closed,  shorter  than  the  claws  of  the 
petals  :  petals  bent  obliquely,  linear  or  obovate  :  siiique 
sub-terete  :  stigma  forked,  with  converging  apexes. 

Brassica.  Calyx  erect,  converging  :  partition  extend- 
ing beyond  the  valves  of  the  siiique  :  seed  globose  :  glands 
between  the  short  stamens  and  pistil,  and  between  the 
long  stamens  and  calyx. 

Raphanus.  Calyx  closed,  setose  :  siiique  torose,  some- 
what jointed,  terete,  not  opening  by  valves,  1  or  2-cell- 
ed  :  glands  between  the  short  stamens  and  pistil,  and 
between  the  long  stamens  and  calyx. 

Cheiranthus.  Calyx  closed,  two  of  the  leafets  gibbous 
at  the  base  :  petals  dilated  :  siiique  when  young  with  a 
glandular  tooth  each  side  :  stigma  2-lobed  :  seed  flat. 

B.     Calyx-leaves  spread,  not  lying  closed  upon  the  corol 
when  the  flowers  are  mature. 

Cardamine.  Calyx-leaves  spreading  but  little  :  stig- 
ma entire  :  a  single  gland  between  each  of  the  short  sta- 
mens arid  the  calyx  :  siiique  long,  bursting  elastically 
with  re  volute  valves. 

Sisymbrium.  Calyx  and  corol  spreading  :  siiique 
bursting,  with  a  short  terete  beak,  valves  straitish. 

Sinapis.  Calyx  spreading  :  corol  with  strait  claws  : 
glands  between  the  short  stamens  and  pistil,  and  between 
th*  Jong  stamen*  and  calyx  :  partition  extending  beyond 
the  valves  oi  the  siiique,  ensiform. 


CLASS  XVII.    OEDER  X.  55 

CLASS  XVI.    MONADELPHIA. 
ORDER  III.    TRIANDRIA. 

Sisyrinchium-  Spathe  2-leaved  :  perianth  0  :  corol 
superior,  6-cIeft,  tubular  :  style  1  :  capsule  3-celled. 

*  Lysimachia,  Linum,  Anagallis. 

ORDER  X.     DECANDRIA. 

Geranium.  Calyx  5-leaved  :  corol  5-petalled?  regular : 
nectariferous  glands  5,  adhering  to  the  base  of  the  long 
filaments  :  arils  5,  1 -seeded,  awned,  beaked  at  the  head 
of  the  receptacle  :  awn  naked,  strait. 

*  Oxalis. 

ORDER  XIII.    POLYANDRIA. 

Sida.  Calyx  simple,  angular,  5-cleft  :  style  many- 
parted  :  capsules  many,  1  01*  3-seeded. 

Hibiscus.  Calyx  double,  outer  one  many-leaved,  in- 
ner one  about  5-cleft :  stigmas  5  :  capsule  5  or  10-celled, 
many-seeded. 

Mdlvci.  Calyx  double,  outer  one  3 -leaved,  inner  on© 
5-cleft  :  capsules  many,  1  seeded. 

Jttthaea.  Calyx  double,  outer  one  6  or  9-cleft :  cap- 
sules many,  1 -seeded. 

Lavatera.  Calyx  double,  outer  one  3-cleft  :  capsules 
many,  many-seeded. 

CLASS  XVII.    DIADELPHIA. 

FROM  ORD&R  V.  PBNTANDRIA,  TO  ORDER  VIII. 

OCTANDRIA. 

Fumaria.  Calyx  2-leaved,  caducous  :  corol  irregu- 
lar, spurred  at  the  base  :  filaments  £,  each  with  3  an- 
thers :  capsule  drupe-like,  1 -celled,  1 -seeded,  not  open- 
ing by  valves  ;  seed  affixed  to  the  side  of  the  cell. 

Corydalis.  Calyx  2-leaved  :  corol  ringent,  1  or  2- 
spurred  :  filaments  2,  inembranaceous,  each  with  3-an- 
thers  :  capsule  silique^like,  many-seeded. 

Polygala.  Calyx  5-lcaved,  unequal,  2  of  the  leafets 
wing-like,  larger,  coloured  :  corol  irregular  (or  rather, 
calyx  3-leaved,  corol  imperfectly  papilionaceous)  capsule 
obcordate,  2-ceiled,  2-vaived.  Keel  of  corol  sometimes 
appendaged, 

ORDER  X.    DECANDHIA. 
A.    Stamens  united  in  one  set. 

Lupinus.  Corol  2-lipped  :  anthers,  5  oblong  and  5 
roundish  :  legume  coriaceous;  torulouse. 


&  CLASS  VII.    ORDERS  V.    VIII. 

Crotolaria.  Corol  with  the  banner  cordate,  large; 
keel  acuminate :  filaments  connate,  with  a  dorsal  fissure ; 
style  curved  :  legume  pedicelled,  turgid. 

B.    Stamens  in  2  sets  ;  generally  9  in  one  set,  and  I  alone 


1.  Legume  many-seeded,  stigma  pubescent 

Pisum.  Calyx  with  the  divisions  leaf-like,  about  equal : 
banner  protruding  2  folds  :  style  compressed,  carinate, 
villose  above  :  legume  without  down  at  the  suture. 

Lathyrus.  Calyx  with  the  two  upper  divisions  shorter  : 
style  flat,  villose  above,  broader  towards  the  top. 

Vida.  Calyx  emarginate  above,  2-toothed  ;  3  strait 
long  teeth  below  :  banner  emarginate  :  stigma  bearded  a 
short  space  on  the  lower  side. 

Phaseolus.  Keel,  stamens  and  style  spirally  twisted 
together. 

Uobinia-  Calyx  4-cleft,  upper  division  2-parted  : 
banner  large,  reflexed,  roundish  :  legume  gibbous,  elon- 
gated. 

2.  Legume  many-seeded,  stigma  without  hairs. 
Glycine.     Calyx  2-lipped,  the  tooth  of  the  lower  lip 
longest  :  the  end"  of  the  keel  curling  upwards,  and  in  ap- 
pearance pushing  back  the  banner  :  style  incurved  with 
the  keel :  legume  oblong,  compressed. 

Galega.  Calyx  with  subulate  teeth  nearly  equal  : 
legume  toralose,  teretish. 

3.  Legumes  few-seeded. 

Medicago*    The  keel  deflected  from  the  direction  of 
the  banner  ;  legume  compressed,  cochleate. 
4.  Legumes  about  1 -seeded- 

Tnfolium.  Flowers  sub-capitate  :  legume  included  in 
the  calyx,  not  opening  by  valves,  1  to  4-seeded. 

Melilotus.  Flowers  racemed  :  calyx  tubular,  5-tooth- 
ed  :  keel  simple,  shorter  than  the  wings  and  banner  :  le- 
gume rugose,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Lespedeza.  Calyx  5-parted,  divisions  nearly  equal  : 
keel  of  the  corol  transversely  obtuse  :  legume  lens-form$ 
unarmed,  1 -seeded. 

5.  Legumes  jointed)  or  in  loments. 
L   Hedysarum.    Calyx  5-cleft :  keeLof  corol  transversely 


CLASS  XYIIT.    ORDER  II.  57 

obtuse:  loment  many-jointed,  joints  1 -seeded,  compres- 
sed, generally  hispid. 

CLASS  XVIII.    SYNGENESIA. 

ORDER  I.    POLYGAMIA  ^^UALIS. 

A.    Florets  ligulate. 

Tragopogon.  Calyx  simple,  many-leaved  :  receptacle 
naked  :  egret  plumose  and  stiped. 

Leontod'on.  Calyx  double  :  receptacle  naked  :  egret 
stiped. 

Ldduca.  Calyx  imbricate,  cylindric,  with  the  margin 
mcmbranaceous  :  receptacle  naked:  egret  simple,  stiped  : 
seed  smooth. 

Hieracium*  Calyx  imbricate,  ovate ;  egret  simple, 
sessile  :  receptacle  naked  or  sub-pilose — (From  white 
becoming  yellowish.) 

Sonclins.  Calyx  imbricate,  inflated  :  egret  pilose,  ses- 
sile :  receptacle  naked. 

Krigia.  Calyx  simple,  many-leaved  :  egret  5  mem- 
branous Ieav7es  with  5  alternating  bristles  :  receptacle 
naked. 

B .    Florets  tiibulous  ;  flowers  capitate. 

Cnicus.  Calyx  imbricate,  witli  prickly  scales  :  recep^ 
tacle  villose  :  egret  plumose. 

Carthainns.  Calyx  ovate,  imbricate,  with  scales  ova- 
tish-leafy  at  apex :  egret  chaff-hairy  or  none  :  receptacle 
chaff-bristly. 

JUrctium.  Calyx  globose,  with  scales  hooked  at  apex : 
egret  chaff-bristly  :  receptacle  chaffy. 

C.    Florets  tubulous  ;  Jiowers  discoid. 

Bidens.  Calyx  calyrled,  nearly  equal ;  sometimes  the 
flower  is  furnished  with  a  few  radiate  florets  .  rerepta- 
cle  chaffy,  flat :  egret  2,  3  or  4  awns  with  reflexed  and 
erect  lateral  prickles  :  seed  4-rornered. 

Eupatorium.  Calyx  imbricated  (rarely  simple)  ob- 
long :  style  long,  cloven  half  way  down  :  egret  pilose  or 
rough  papillose  :  receptacle  naked. 

ORDER  II.     POIYGAMIA  SUPERFIUA. 
A.     Flowers  discoid. 

Gnaphalium.  Calyx  imbricate,  with  the  marginal 
scales  rounded,  scarious,  shortish,  glossy,  coloured ;  rd* 


58  CLASS  XVIII.     ORDER.  IV. 

eeptacle  naked  :  egret  pilose  or  plumose.    (Florets  of- 
ten all  perfect.) 

Artemisia.     Calyx  imbricate,  with    scales   rounded, 
converging  :  egret  0  :  receptacle  somewhat  villose  or  na- 
kedish     (Flowers  mostly  round-headed.) 
B.     Flowers  radiate. 

Chrysanthemum.  Calyx  hemispherical,  imbricate,  with 
the  scales  membranous  at  the  margin  :  receptacle  naked  ; 
egret  none,  or  a  narrow  margin. 

Inula.  Calyx  imbricate  or  squarrose  :  egret  simple  : 
.anthers  ending  in  2  bristles  at  tiie  base  :  receptacle  na- 
ked :  ray  florets  numerous. 

Erigeron.  Calyx  imbricate  :  egret  pilose  :  receptacle 
naked  :  florets  of  the  ray  linear,  very  narrow,  numerous. 

Solidago.  Calyx-scales  imbricate,  closed  :  egret  sim- 
ple :  receptacle  naked,  furrowed  with  dots  or  punctures  : 
ray -florets  about  5,  always  fewer  than  10,  ^-toothed. 

Senecio.  Calyx  cyliridric ;  leaiets  with  withering, 
blackish  tips,  and  a  few  small  calycle  leafets  at  the  base  : 
egret  simple  :  receptacle  naked. 

Jlstsr.  Calyx  imbricate,  the  inferior  scales  spreading  ; 
egret  simple  :  receptacle  naked,  scrobiculate.  (Florets 
of  the  ray  more  than  10,  except  in  soHdaginoides,  and  a 
few  other  species.) 

JJnthcmis.  Calyx  hemispherical,  nearly  equal  :  egret 
0,  or  a  membraneous  margin  :  florets  of  the  ray  more 
than  5  :  receptacle  chaffy,  the  chaffs  flat,  with  a  rigid 
acuminate  apex. 

ORDER  III.    POLYGAMIA  FRUSTRANEA. 

Rudbeckia.  Calyx  with  a  double  order  of  scales  :  re- 
eeptacle  chaffy,  conic  :  egret  a  4-toothed  margin  or  0. 

Helianthus.  Calyx  imbricate,  sub-squarrose,  leafy  : 
receptacle  flat,  chaffy,  egret  2-Ieaved,  caducous. 

Centaurea.  Calyx  various,  mostly  imbricate,  roundish : 
egret  simple,  various:  receptacle  bristly:  corols  of  the 
ray  funnel-shape,  longer,  irregular. 

ORDER  IV.    POLYGAMIA  NECESSARIA. 

Calendula.  Calyx  many -leaved,  equal :  receptacle  na- 
ked :  egret  none  :  seeds  of  the  disk  mem  bran  aceous. 

Iva.  Calyx  3-leaved  :  styles  2,  long :  seed  naked,  ob- 
tuse :  receptacle  hairy  :  ray  5-flowered. 


CLASS  XX.    ORDER  III.  59 

ORDER  V.    POLYGAMIA  SEGREGATA. 
Echinops.    Proper  calyx  1 -flowered  :    corol  tubular, 
perfect :  receptacle  setose  :  egret  obsolete. 

CLASS  XIX.    GYNANDRIA. 

OKDER  I.    MONANDRIA — or  ORDER  li.     DIA\DRIA. 

Calyx  5 -leaved  coloured,  (or  corol  5-petallcd.) 

A.     With  a  spur  under  thz  lower  lip. 

OrcMs.  Calyx  ringent  like,  the  upper  leafets  vaulted  : 
lip  dilated,  spur  long  :  anthers  terminal,  adnate. 

Satyrmm*    Calyx  ringent-like,  upper  leafet  vaulted  : 
lip  linear,  parted  or  sub-entire  :  spur  short,  sub-inflated 
and  somewhat  2-lobed  :  anthers  terminal,  adnate. 
B.    Lower  lip  without  a  spur. 

Ncottia.  Calyx  ringent-like,  the  outer  side  leafets  uni- 
ted before  about  the  inflated  base  of  the  lip  :  anther  par- 
allel to  the  acuminate  style,  affixed  behind. 

Cymbidium.  Calyx  4  or  5-leaved,  erect  or  spreading : 
lip  concave  at  the  base,  with  a  spreading  border  :  anther 
a  caducous  lid  ;  pollen  globose. 

Malaocis.  Calyx  spreading,  turned  upside  down  by 
the  twisting  of  the  peduncle  when  the  petals  open  :  lip 
ascending,  concave,  spreading  :  anther  a  lid. 

Arethusa.  Calyx  somewhat  ringent-like ;  leafets  some- 
what converging  :  anther  a  permanent  lid  :  pollen  pow- 
dery-granulated. 

ORDER  II.    DIANDRIA. 

Cypripedium.  Calyx  coloured,  4-leaved,  spreading  : 
lip  inflated,  hollow  :  style  with  a  terminal  lobe  ;  and  a 
petal-like  appendage  on  the  upper  side. 

ORDER  V.    PENTANDRIA. 

Jlsclepias.  Petals  5,  reflexed  :  nectaries  5,  concave, 
containing  little  horns :  each  stamen,  with  a  pair  of  pendu- 
lous anthers,  suspended  from  the  stigma. 

CLASS  XX.    MONOECIA, 
ORDER  III.  TRIAXDRIA. 

Typha.  Amcnt  cylindric.  Staminate  flowers — -calyx 
obsolete,  3-leaved  :  coral  0.  Pistillate  flowers — below  the 


69  CLASS  XX.    ORDER  IT. 

staminate  :  calyx  0  :  corol  0  :  seed  1,  pedicelled  ;  the  pe- 
dicels surrounded  at  the  base  with  long  hairs  resembling 
egret. 

Spar gaiiium.  Staminate  flowers — ament  roundish  : 
calyx  3-leaved  :  corol  0.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  3-lea- 
ved  :  corol  0  :  stigma  2-cleft ;  drupe  juiceless,  1 -seeded. 

Zea.  Staminate  flowers—- calyx-glume  2-flowered, 
awnless  :  corol  glume  awnless.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx- 
glume  2-valved  :  style  1,  filiform,  pendulous  :  seed  sol- 
itary, immersed  in  an  oblong  receptacle. 

Carex.  Aments  imbricate  (usually  in  cylindric  spikes.) 
Staminate  flowers — calyx"-scales  solitary  :  corol  0.  Pistil- 
late flowers — calyx-scales  solitary  :  corol  inflated,  mon- 
opetalous,  2-toothed  at  the  apex  :  stigmas  2  or  3  ;  nut  3- 
sided,  inclosed  in  the  permanent  corol,  which  becomes 
an  utriculus-like  permanent  aril. 

Comptonia  Staminate  flowers — ament  cylindric  with 
calyx-scales  :  corol  2-petalled  :  filaments  2-forked.  Pis- 
tillate flowers — spike  or  ament  ovate,  corol  6-petalled  • 
styles  2  :  nut  ovate. 

ORDER  IV.    TETRAXDKIA. 

Urlica.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-leaved  :  corol  0  : 
nectary  central  cyathiform.  Pistillate  flowers— calyx  2- 
leaved  (2-valved  :)  corol  0  :  seed  l,  glossy. 

Morns.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-parted  :  corol  0. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  4-leaved  :  corol  0  :  styles  2  : 
calyx  berry-like  :  seed  1. 

Mnus.  \  Staminate  flowers — ament  composed  of  wedge- 
form  truncate  3-flowered  receptacles  :  calyx  a  scale : 
corol  4-parted.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  2-floweret! 
scales  :  corol  0  :  seed  compressed,  ovate,  wingless. 

ORDER  V.    PENTANDRIA. 

Jlnibrosia.  Staminate  flowers — common  calyx  1-leav- 
£d  :  corol  1-petalled,  5-cleft,  funnel-form  :  receptacle  na- 
ked. Pistillate  flowers — calyx  1 -leaved,  entire,  theswell- 
ing  part  5-toothed,  1-flowered;  corol  0  :  nut  from  the  in- 
durated calyx,  1 -seeded. 

Amaranthus.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  3  or  5-leaved  : 
corol  0  :  stamens  3  or  5.  Pistillate  flowers — ra'yx  and 
corol  as  the  staminate  :  styles  3  :  capsule  1-celled,  open- 
JTng  transversely  :  seed  1. 


CLASS  XX.    ORDER  XIII.  61 

ORDER  VI.    HEX  AND  RI  A* 

Zixania.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  0  :  corol -glume 
£-valved,  awnless,  with  pistillate  flowers  intermixed.  Pis- 
tillate flowers — calyx  0  :  cored-glume  2-vahed,  cowled, 
awned  :  styles  2-parted  ;  seed  1  invested  in  the  plaited 
corol. 

ORDER  XIII,    POLYAXDSIA. 

Sagittaria.  Starninatc  flowers — calyx  3-Ieaved  :  corol 
8-petalled  :  filaments  mostly  24.  Pistillate  flowers — 
calyx  and  corol  as  in  the  staminate  :  pistils  many  :  cap- 
sules aggregate,  1 -seeded. 

Calla  Spathe  ovate  becoming  expanded  :  spadix  cov- 
ered with  the  fructification  :  stamens  intermixed.  Stam- 
inate flowers — calyx  arid  corol  0  :  anthers  sessile.  Pis- 
tillate flowers — calyx  and  corol  0  :  herries  1 -celled 
crowned  with  the  short  style. 

*ftnnn.  Spathe  cowled  :  spadix  not  entirely  covered 
with  the  fructification  ;  being  more  or  less  naked  above, 
\vitli  pistillate  flowers  beneath  and  staniinatc  in  the  mid- 
die  ;  (sometimes  a  few  are  staminate  beneath  :)  berry 
mostly  1 -seeded  :  generally  cirrose-glamhiiar  beneath 
(often  dioecious.) 

Querciis.  Staminate  flowers— calyx  sub-5-cleft :  sta- 
mens 5  to  10.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  1  leafed,  entire, 
scabrous,  a  woody  cup  :  styles  2  to  5  :  nut  coriaceous, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  permanent  calyx. 

Juglans.  Staminate  flowers — ament  imbricate  :  calyx 
a  scale  :  corol  6-parted  :  filamentes  A-  to  18.  Pistillate 
flowers — calyx  4 -cleft  superior  :  corol  4-cleft  styles  2  : 
drupe  coriaceous  or  woody  :  nutsulc  ate. 

Castanea.  Polygamous.  Staminate  flowers — ament 
naked,  linear  :  corol  5-petalled  :  stamens  10  to  20.  Pis- 
tillate flowers — calyx  5  or  6-leaved,  muricate  :  germs  3  : 
stigmas  pencil -form  ;  nuts  3,  -with  coriaceous  putamen, 
inclosed  iit  the  calyx  becoming  cchinate. 

Setul a.  Staminate  flowers — ament  imbricate,  scales 
peltate  S-fiowered  :  calyx  a  scale  :  stamens  10  to  12. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  a  2 -flowered  scale  :  seed  1, 
\\inged, 

Carpinus.  Ament  imbricate.  Staminate  flowers — ca- 
lyx-scales ciliate  :  stamens  10.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx- 
scales  2-flowered  :  corol  3-cleft :  nut  ovate  sulcate; 

F 


6%  CLASS  XXL    ORDER  II. 

Ostrya.  Ament  imbricate.  Staminate  flowers — calyx 
a  scale  :  filaments  ramose.  Pistillate  flowers — ament 
naked  :  capsule  inflated,  imbricate,  with  one  seed  at  its 
base. 

Corylus.  Staminate  flowers — ament  imbricate  :  calyx 
a  scale  :  stamens  about  8.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  2- 
parted,  lacerated  :  styles  2  :  nut  ovate,  surrounded  by 
and  included  in  the  permanent  leaf-like  calyx. 

ORDER  XVI.    MONADELFHIA. 

Pinus.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-leaved  :  stamens 
many  :  anthers  naked.  Pistillate  flowers — calyxes  in 
strobiles  or  cones,  scales  2-flowered  :  pistil  1  :  nut  with 
a  membranaceous  wing  (Perhaps  more  properly  a  sama- 
ra.) 

Cupressus.  Staminate  flowers — ament  imbricate :  calyx 
a  scale  :  corol  0  :  anthers  4,  sessile.  Pistillate  flowers — 
ament  strobilaceous  :  calyx  a  1-flowered  scale  :  corol  0  : 
stigmas  2,  with  concave  points  :  nut  angled. 

Jtidnus.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-parted  :  stamens 
numerous.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  3-parted  :  styles  3, 
2-cleft :  capsules  echinate,  3-cclled,  3-seeded. 

Cucurbita.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-toothed  :  cor- 
ol 5-cleft  :  filaments  3.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and 
corol  like  the  staminate  :  pistil  3-cleft  :  pomaccous  berry 
large,  3  to  5-celled  :  seeds  thickened  at  the  margin. 

Cucumis.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-toothed  :  corol 
5-parted  :  filaments  3.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  cor- 
ol like  the  staminate  :  stigmas  3,  thick,  2 -parted  :  berry 
with  sharpish  seeds. 

CLASS  XXL    DIOECIA. 
ORDER  II.     DIANDRIA. 

8alix.  Staminate  flowers — ament  cylimlric  :  calyx  a 
scale,  with  a  nectariferous  gland  at  the  base  Pistillate 
flowers — ament  and  calyx  like  the  staminate  :  styles  2- 
cleft  :  capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved  :  seed  with  egret-lijkc 
down. 

Fraxinns.  Perfect  flowers — calyx  0,  or  4 -parted  :  cor- 
ol 0,  or  4 -pe  tailed  :  pistil  1  :  samara  1 -seeded  with  a  lan- 
ceolate wing,  Pistillate  flowers  ;  calyx,  corol  and  pis- 
tils same  as  perfect. 


CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  XIIL  qs 

ORDER  III.    TRIANDRIA. 

Ficus.  Common  receptacle  fleshy  enclosing  the  ape- 
talous  florets,  either  in  the  same  or  in  a  distinct  individ- 
ual. Staminate  flowers — calyx  3-parted. — Pistillate  flow- 
ers— calyx  5-parted  :  pistil  1,  lateral  :  ceed  i,  coveretl 
with  the  closed  permanent  somewhat  fleshy  calyx. 

*  Carex. 

ORDER  IV.     TETRANDRIA. 

Myrica.  Staminate  flowers — ament  oblong  :  calyx  an 
ovate  scale  :  corol  0.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol 
like  th«  staminate  :  styles  2  :  drupe  or  berry  1 -seeded. 

OKDF.R  V.    PENTANDRIA. 

Spinada.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-parted  :  corol 
0.  Pistillate  flowers — styles  4  :  seed  1,  within  the  indu- 
rated calyx. 

Ilumulus.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-leaved  :  corol 
0.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  1-leafed,  entire,  oblique, 
spreading  :  styles  2  :  seed  1,  within  the  leaf-like  calyx: 
inflorescence  strobile-form. 

Cannabis.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-parted.  Pis- 
tillate flowers — calyx  5-leaved,  entire,  gaping  laterally  : 
styles  2  :  nut  2-valved,  within  the  closed  calyx. 

*  Vitis. 

ORDER  VI.    HEXANDRIA. 

Lapathnm.  Calyx  3-leaved  :  not  marked  with  grains  : 
petals  3,  converging  :  seed  1,  3-sided.  (Distinguished 
from  rumcx,  by  always  being  dioecious,) 

Smilax.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-leaved  :  corol  0. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate  : 
.styles  3  :  berry  S-celled  :  seeds  2, 

FROM  ORDER  VIII.    OCTANDRIA,  TO  ORDER  XIII. 

POLYANDRIA. 

fopulus.  Staminate  flowei s — ament  cylindric ;  calyx  a 
torn  scale  :  corol  turbinafe,  oblique,  entire.  Pistillate 
flowers — ament,  calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate  :  stig- 
ma 4 -cleft :  capsule  2-cellcd  :  seed  with  *gret-like  hairs. 

Menispermum.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  2-leaved  :  pet- 
als 4  or  6  outer  and  8  inner  :  stamens  16.    Pistillate  flow- 
ers— corol  like  the  staminate  :  8  barren  stamens  :  genus 
.%  or  3  :  berries  paired,  1 -seeded. 
'*  Thalictrum.  Arum. 


64  CLASS  XXII.    ORDER  I. 

ORDER  XVI.    MOXADEIPHIA. 

Juniperus.  Staminate  flowers — amcnt  ovate  :  calyx  a 
scale  :  stamens  3.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  3-parted  ; 
petals  3  :  styles  3  :  berry  3-seeded,  consisting  of  the 
three  unequal  tubercles  of  the  calyx.  (Nut  bony,  l-cell* 
ed  with  balsamy  glands  at  the  base.) 

Taxus.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  about  4  bud-leaves  ;. 
corol  0  :  stamens  many,  anthers  peltate,  8-cleft.  Pistil- 
late flowers — style  0  :  receptacle  acoi  ncup-form  $  nut 
ovate. 

CLASS  XXII.    CRYPTOGAMIA. 

ORDER  I.    FILICES. 

Ferfis  aro  annulated,  when  each  capsule  has  a  kin;! 
ot'chahi  passing  around  it  at  about  right  angles  with  the 
suture.  When  the  fruit  is  ripe,  the  chain  in  straitening 
opens  the  capsule  $  it  being  attached  by  its  ends  to  two 
contiguous  edges  of  it. 

A.     With  annulated  capsules. 
1.  Without  involucres, 

Potypodium.      Capsules  disposed  in   round  scattered 
dots,  on  various  parts  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  frond. 
2.     With  involucres. 

Onodea.  Fruit-dots  indeterminate,  capsules  covering 
the  whole  lower  surface  of  the  frond  ;  involucre  formed 
by  turning  in  or  rolling  back  the  margin  of  the  leaf,  which 
opens  inwards,  in  maturity,  towards  the  midrib,  or  re- 
mains closed.  (The  fertile  leaves  are  contracted  and  nar- 
rower than  the  barren  ones,) 

Pteris.  Capsules  arranged  in  a  continued  line  along 
the  very  margin  of  the  frond  :  involucre  opening  inwards. 
(When  the  leaves  are  extremely  small,  the  rows  of  cap- 
sules on  opposite  sides  meet  and  cover  the  lower  surface 
like  the  above.) 

Jlspteninm.  Capsules  in  lines  parallel  to  each  other, 
situated  exactly  upon  the  secondary  veins  of  the  frond  : 
involucres  opening  inwards.  (By  the  secondary  veins  is 
meant  those  of  the  middle  part  of  the  disk,  not  the  larger 
ones  at  the  margin  or  midrib.  The  parallel  lines  of cap- 
siilcs  may  stand  obliquely  with  respect  to  the  midribj  but 
their  direction  must  be  parallel  to  each  other.) 


CLASS  XXII.    ORDER  I.  65 

Capsules  disposed  in  obloug  spots  arrang- 
ed along  the  margin  of  the  frond  :  involucre  is  formed 
by  turning  back  the  margin  of  the  frond  over  the  cap- 
sules, and  it  opens  inwards.  (The  lines  of  oblong 
spots  are  generally  along  that  margin,  which  may  be  con- 
sidered the  end  of  the  leaf  or  of  the  segments  of  the  leaf.) 

JUspidium.  Capsules  in  scattered  roundish  spots  on 
various  parts  of  the  whole  lower  surface  of  the  frond  :  in- 
olucre  a  kidney-form  or  round  membrane,  fastened  to 
the  frond  in  or  near  the  centre  of  the  fruit-dot,  and  open- 
ing on  all  sides.  (The  involucre,  when  a  little  opened,  is 
strictly  peltate.) 

Dicksonia.  Capsules  in  small  roun  dscattered  fruit-dote 
at  the  margin  of  the  frond  :  involucre  double  ;  one  part 
is  formed  of  the  thin  margin  of  the  frond  turned  over- 
apon  the  fruit-dots,  the  other  is  from  the  frond  on  the 
inward  side  of  the  fruit-dots,  each  part  opening  opposite 
to  where  it  is  fastened  to  the  frond. 

B.     Wiih  capsules  not  annulatcd. 

Osmunda.  Capsules  globose,  pedicelled,  radiate-stri- 
ate  or  wrinkled,  having  a  hinge  at  the  joining  of  the  two 
valves,  which  resembles  part  of  the  jointed  rings  of annu- 
lated  ferns  :  the  capsules  either  occupy  the  whole  lower 
surface  of  the  frond,  or  a  panicled-raceme.  (The  parts 
of  the  frond  occupied  by  the  fruit  are  always  more  con- 
tracted than  the  barren  parts.) 

APPENDIX  TO  THE  ORDER  FILICES. 
PTEROIDES. 

Botrychium.  Capsules  coriaceous,  globose,  one-celled, 
smooth  ;  they  are  disposed  in  spikes  or  racemes,  general- 
ly open  lengthwise,  sometimes  irregularly. 

Lycopodium.  Capsules  mostly  kidney-form  or  round- 
ish, 2  or  4-valved  opening  elastically  ;  they  are  placed 
under  separate  scales  in  a  spike,  or  sometimes  in  the  axils 
of  leaves. 

Eqidselum.  Fruit  placed  under  peltate  bodies  which  are 
arranged  in  whorls  forming  a  spike-form  raceme  ;  four 
spiral  filaments  surround  the  seed  (probably)  which  re- 
semble green  globules,  ^Fertile  plants  mostly  leafless, 
the  stems  of  all  are  jointed  with  toothed  sheaths  at  every 
ioint,  and  usually  longitudinally  striated  and  hollow.) 

F  2" 


6£  CLASS  XXIL     ORDER  Ml. 

ORDER  II.    Musci. 

A-     Capsules  with  a  lid  and  without  a  peristome.. 
Sphagnum-     Calyptre  breaks  off  transversely,  leaving 
the  lower  half  on  the  capsule  :  lid  caducous. 
15.     Capsule  with  a  lid  and  furnished  with  a  single  peris- 
tome,  proceeding  from  the  outer  surface  of  the  capsule, 
or  from  both  inner  and  outer. 

Dicranum.    Each  tooth  split  part  of  the  way  from  the 
tip  towards  the  base,  incurved  and  solid,  16  in  number. 
Polytrichum.    Tips  of  the  teeth  all  meet  in  a  flat  mem- 
brane, which  extends  over  most  of  the  mouth  of  the  cap- 
sule :  calyptre  mostly  composed  of  hair. 
&.     Capsule  with  a  lid,  and  furnished  with  a  single  per- 
istome proceeding  only  from  the  inner  surface  of  the  cap- 
sule. 

Jiarbula.    Peristome  consists  of  twisted  filaments. 
Diphifscium.      Peristomes    consist    of  wedge-shaped 
rein-like  processes. 

B.     Capsules  With  a  Hd,  and  furnished  with  a  double  per- 
istome,  the  outer  one  consisting  of  8  or  16  distinct  teeth. 

firyum.  Inner  peristome  consists  of  a  membrane  ter- 
minating in  pointed  teeth  not  perforated,  having  between 
them  very  fine  delicate  hairs  :  peduncles  terminal. 

Hypnum.  Inner  peristome  consists  of  a  membrane 
terminating  in  pointed  teeth  not  perforated,  having  be- 
tween them  very  tine  hairs,  to  be  seen  with  a  good  mag- 
nifier :  peduncles  axillary. 

K      Capsule  with  a  lid,  and  furnished  with  a  double  per- 
istome9  outer  one  consisting  of  16  connected  teeth. 

Funaria.  Outer  teeth  oblique  and  connected  at  the 
tips ;  inner  are  16  filaments  lying  flat :  peduncles  terminal. 
ORDER'  III.  HKPATICAE. 

Jangermannia;  Capsules  4-valved  with  chain-like 
seed-dispersers,  peduncled,  arising  from  a  bell-form  ca- 
lyx. (An  apophysis  adjoins  the  capsule,  and  it  has  a  sil- 
very filamentous  peduncle,  which  often  grows  several  in- 
ches in  one  night.  The  peduncle  rises  from  a  bell-form 
calyx,  which  is  more  permanent  than  the  fruit.  In  this 
calyx  the  fruit  lies  concealed  a  while,  at  length  it  opens 
and  discloses  a  small  shining  black  globule,  which  rises 
on  the  silvery  peduncle  and  bursts  into  4  valves.) 


GLASS  XXII.    ORDER  V.  67 

Marcliantla.  Capsules  peduncled,  bursting  at  their 
summits  :  seeds  attached  to  elastic  fibres  :  the  capsules 
are  placed  beneath  umbrella-like  stars  or  cones.  (It  a- 
grees  with  some  species  of  jungerniannia  in  external  ap- 
pearance, but  it  is  of  a  much  firmer  texture.  The  frond 
is  always  leafy,  lobed, .furnished  with  a  strong  midrib 
and  beset  beneath  with  villous  roots.  The  disk  of  the 
leaf  consists  of  a  beautiful  green  net- work.)  In  the 
spring  one  of  the  leading  species  sends  up  ovate  anthers 
or  buds  on  pellucid  filaments  from  the  disk  of  the  fVond. 
Near  the  middle  of  the  summer  the  umbrellas  appear, 
bearing  tj^e  fruit  on  or  under  the  rays. 

ORDER  IV.    ALGAE. 

Fucus.  Germs  imbedded  in  the  gelatinous  substance 
of  the  frond,  aggregate  :  seeds  produced  in  clustered  tu- 
bercles, which  burst  at  their  summits. 

Uh'd.  Frond  niembranaceous  or  gelatinous  :  fruit  in 
semi-transparent  visicular  membranes  within  the  sub- 
stance or  under  the  general  cuticle  of  the  frond,  either 
solitary  or  clustered. 

Conferva.  Consisting  of  herbaceous  tubes  or  fibres, 
generally  separated  within  by  transverse  partitions  : 
seeds  scattered  through  the  joints,  or  contained  in  solita- 
ry closed  tubercles  attached  to  the  tubes  or  fibres. 

ORDER  V.     LICUEXES. 

Lecidea.  Spangles  sessile,  with  a  flattish  or  convex 
disk  :  frond  various,  crustaceous  ;  uniform  and  limited, 
scattered  and  indeterminate,  leafy,  membranous,  or  stel- 
late. 

Ghfrophora.  Buttons  superficial,  flattish  :  frond  leafy, 
peltate,  between  membranous  and  leafy. 

Punnelia.  Shields  superficial  or  elevated,  thick  or  sub- 
membranous*  flattish,  convex  or  concave,  crowned  with 
a  Tree  accessory  border  :  frond  various,  crustaceous, 
leaty,  branched  or  lariniated,  cartilaginous,  membran- 
ous or  gelatinous.  A  vast  genus.  One  of  its  best  char- 
a<  I  -i-a  is  that  the  shield  has  no  border  of  its  own  sub- 
si  (i.  e  ;  but  ahvays  has  an  accessary  one  of  the  substance 
Oi  die  crust. 

Usnca>  Orbs  sub-coriaceous,  flattened,  peltate,  na- 
ke  and  smooth  on  both  sMes,  mostly  much  dilated  ;  disk 
first  concave,  then  fiat,  even,  subsequently  rather  convex 


68  f.LASS  XXII.    ORDER  VI. 

and  cracked,  or  warty,  scarcely  coloured  ;  border  either 
none  or  accessary,  which  is  entire  or  toothed  in  the  cir- 
cumference, very  often  radiated  :  knobs  on  the  same,  or 
on  a  different  plant,  which  are  sessile,  lateral,  scattered ; 
at  first  shield-like  and  sometimes  in  a  manner  bordered, 
finally  convex  and  warty,  coloured.  This  is  the  filamen- 
tous lichen,  tapering,  more  or  less  jointed,  having  a 
central  elastic  medullary  thread.  It  is  sometimes  called 
tree-moss. 

ORDER  VI.    FUNGI. 

Jlgaricus.    Fungus  with  laminae  underneatfe. 

Merulius.    Fungus  with  veins  underneath. 

Boletus.    Fungus  with  pores  underneath. 

Hijdnum.    Fungus  prickly  underneath. 

Pexiza.  Fungus  concave  above  ;  hemispherical  or 
bellform  \  seeds  contained  in  the  cup. 

Lycoperdon.  Fungus  becoming  powdery  and  fibrous 
within  :  seeds  attached  internally  to  the  fibres. 

Uredo.  Fungus  parasitical,  consisting  of  a  mealy  pow- 
der, destitute  of  a  case,  growing  from  under  the  cuticles 
of  leaves  and  stems,  bursting  at  last,  with  an  even  mar- 
gin. 

Mucor.  Fungus  fugacious,  heads  at  first  semi-trans- 
parent, then  becoming  opake,  fixed  to  simple  or  branch- 
ed stalks. 

Xylostroma.  Fungus  leathery,  expanded,  deformed, 
penetrating,  smooth^  even  :  seeds  among  the  fibres,  glo- 
bular minute.  (Growing  in  cleavages  of  decaying  wood.) 


20—16.     ACALYPHA,  SB.  96. 
t'irgimca  (three  seed  mercury.) 

8—1.     ACER,  23.  66. 

riibrum  (soft  maple,  red  maple.  (X  r.  Ap.  ^  )  leaves 
5-lobed,  unequally  sub-dentate,  glauroiis  beneath  :  flow- 
ers in  sessile  umbels.  Rarely  dioecious,  dasycarpiiui 
(silver  maple.)  sacckarinum  (suajar  maple.)  O.  y-r.  M. 
J?  .)  leaves  5-parted,  palmate,  sinuate,  acuminate-tooth- 
ed, pubescent  beneath.  Polygamous,  striatum  (false 
dogwood,  striped  maple  bush,  Indian  tobacco.  O.  g.  M. 
h  0  stem  marked  with  white  longitudinal  lines  :  leaves  3* 
lobed,  acuminate,  serrate  :  racemes  pendant,  petals  oval. 
spicatum  (mountain  maple  bush.)  negunao  (ash  leaf  ma- 
ple.) nigrum  (sweet  tree.) 

18— 2.     AGHILLEA,  49.  55. 
miUefolium  (yarrow.)    pt'armica. 

21—5.     ACA'IDA,  53.  29. 
cannabina  (water  hemp.)    rursocarpa. 

13—5.     ACON1TUM,  26.  61. 

napellus  (monk's  hood.    E.  b.  J.  1|.)  flower  cowled  ,• 
spur  strait,  obtuse ;  lip  lanceolate,  bifid  ;  leaves  5-parted. 
uncinatum  (vvolf-bane.  P.  b.  S.  24.)  stem  zigzag:  flow- 
ers with  about  5  styles  :  leaves  many  lobed. 

6—1.     ACORTJS,  2.  7. 
calamus  (sweet  flag.) 

22—1      ACUOSTICHUM,  55.  5. 
aureum  (fbrk-fernO 

13—1.     ACTAEA,  26-  61. 
rubra  (bane-berry.)     alba  (necklace  weed.) 

22—1.     AD1ANTUM,  55    5. 

pedatum  (maidenhair.  O.  J.  2|.)  frond  pedate  branch- 
es pinnate,  leafets  halved. 

13—13.     ADONIS,  26.  61. 

autumnalis  (pheasant's  eye.  E.  Au.  0.)  flowers  5  to  8- 
pctallcd  5  fruit  sub-cylindric. 


re  ALE 

29— 0.    JECID1UM,  58.  1. 

anemones,    elaytoniae.    pyrolae.   rubi. 

17—10.     JESCHYNOMENE,  32.  93. 
Jdspida  (false  sensitive  plant.) 

7—1.    JESCULUS,  23.  66. 

hippocastanum  (horse  ckesnut.  E.  J.  \i .)  leaves  digi- 
tate, divisions  about  5  :  corol  5-petalled. 

22—6.  AGARICUS,  58.  1. 

campestris  (eatable  mushroom)  convex,  whitish -brown, 
spotted  :  laminae  pink,  becoming  liTer-colour:  stem  white 
and  ruffled.  coccir,+:(s*  scarlet,  conic,  small  :  stem  long, 
solid,  a  little  crooked,  woolly  at  the  base,  piperitus. 
Gustaneus.  caiidicinus.  rufo-vioUiceus.  hypnornm.  cortico- 
la.  dissemiuatus.  doiuesticus.  rosaceus.  inconstans.  co- 
riaceas.  papyraceu*.  narcoticus.  mroluius.  epiphijl- 
lus. 

6—1.     AGAV3,  10.  15. 

virginica,  (agave.) 

11—2.     AGRIMONIA,  35.  92. 
euputoria  (agrimony.  O.  y.  Au.  l(.)  cauline  leaves  in- 
terruptedly pinnate,  the  terminal  one  petioled  :  fruit  his- 
pid,   par-vijlora. 

10—5.    AGROSTEMMA,  22.  82. 
githago,  (cockle.  O.  r.  J.  ^.)  hirsute  :  calyx  and  corol 
about  equal ;  petals  entire,     coronaria  (rose  companion.) 

3—2.    AGROSTIS,  4    10. 

spicaventi  (bent-grass.)  tenitijiora.  dtffusa.  sericea. 
Jiliformis.  strida.  setosa.  solmlifera.  juncea.  involuta. 
vulgaris  (redtop.)  clandestiua.  rirginica.  glauca.  alba 
(white  top.)  mex-i&md.  laterlflora.  pungens. 

3—2.     AIRA,  4.  10. 

melicoides  (hair-grass.)    pumila.    obtusata. 
Jlexuosa.    mottis.    pattens,    precox.    purpurea. 

52—5.    ALECTURIA,  57.  2. 
j ubuta. 


A  M  A  H 

6—1.    ALETRiS,  10.  16. 
farinosa  (false  aloe,  unicorn  root.) 

6—13.     ALISMA,  5.  13. 

plantago  (water-plantain.  O.  w.  Ju.  if.)  leaves  ovate 
acute  :  fruit  obtusely  3-cornered.  parviflora.  subulata. 

6—1.    ALLIUM,  9.  16. 

porrum  (leek.)  sativum  (garlic.)  vineale  (field  e>ar- 
Iic.1  oleraceum  (striped  onion.)  ascalonicum  (shallot) 
trWorum  (mountain  leek.)  canadeiise  (meadow  garlic.) 
cepa  (garden  onion.)  tncoccum  (three-seed  leek.)  Jis- 
tidosum  (welch  onion.)  sclioenoprasum  (cives.)  fragrans 
(false  snow-drop.  E.  w.  A.) 

20—4.    ALNUS,  50.  99. 

incana.    undulata.    serulata  (alder.)    glutinosa. 

S— 2.    ALOPECURUS,  4.  10. 
pratensis  (meadow-grass,  foxtail.)    geniculatus  (float* 
ing  foxtail.) 

5—3.     ALSINE,  22.  82. 

media  (chickweed.  O.  w.  M.  If.)  stem  with  alternate 
lines  of  hairs  on  the  sides  :  petals  2-parted  :  leaves  heart* 
ovate. 

16—13.    ALTHAEA,  37.  74. 

qffidnalis  (marsh  mallows.)  rosea  (hollyhock.  E.  $  .) 
stem  erect :  leaves  rough,  heart-form,  5  to  7-angled,  cre- 
nate.  Jicifolia.  (fig-hollyhock.) 

15—1.    ALYSSUM,  39.  63. 

saxatilc  (madwort,  basket  of  gold.)  hyperboreum.  sa* 
Ovum*  incanum. 

20—5.    AMARANTHUS,  54.  SO. 

albus  (white  coxcomb.)  graccizans.  melancholicus 
(love  lies-bleeding.)  tricolor  (three-coloured  coxcomb.) 
I'midns  (lead  amaranth.)  oleraceus  (pot  amaranth.)  hy- 
bridus.  paniculatus.  retroflexus  (rough  amaranth.  O.  Au. 
0.)  racemes  pentandrous,  triply -compound,  compact, 
erect:  branches  pubescent :  leaves  ovate  undulate*  hy- 
pochondriacus  (spleen  amaranth.)  spinosns. 


72  -AND 

6—1.    AMARYLLUS,  9.  IT. 

ciiamasco  (atamasco  lily.)   formosissima  (jacobea.) 
20—5.    AMBROSIA,  54.  32. 

trifida.  integrifolia.  elatior  (hog weed.  0.  S.  0.)  leaves 
doubly  pinnatitid,  smoothish  :  petioles  long  ciliated  :  ra- 
cemes terminal,  panicled  :  stem  wand-like,  artemisifo- 
lia-  paniculata.  heterophylla. 

4—1.    AMMANNIA,  17.  91. 

humilis  (tooth -cup.) 

5— ^2.     AMMI.  45.  60. 
capillaccum  (biyhop-vvecd.) 

17—10.     AMORPHA,  32.  93. 
fruticosa  (fal^e  indigo.) 

5—1.     AMPELOPS1S,  46.  72. 
quinqnefolia  (false  grape,  creeper.  O.  w.  Ju.  J?.)  leaves 
in  fives,  toothed. 

5—2.    AMSCTNIA. 
latijolia  (beard  throat.) 

12—1.     AMYGDALUS,  36.  92. 
persica  (peach.  E.  r.  M.  b.)  serratures  of  the  leaves  all 
acute,  flowers  sessile,  solitary,  nana,  (flowering  almond.) 

5—1.     ANAGALLIS,    20.  34. 
arvensis  (red  rhickweed.) 

5—1.    ANCHUSA,  41.  42. 
qffidnalls  (buglos.) 

10—1.  ANDROMEDA,  18.  51. 
l/ijpnohles  (rnoss  bush.)  mariana.  pulverulenta  (d««?t 
leatV)  polifoha.  arlorea  (sorrel  tree.)  paniculate  'white 
bush.  \v.  j.  ^  .)  pubescent:  leaves  obovate-lanceolate 
acute  sub-entire  :  branches  flower-bearing,  terminal,  pan- 
icled, uakedish  :  glomerulcs  peduncled  :  corol  sub-globu- 
lar, pubescent :  anthers  obtuse,  beardless,  racemosa. 
axillaris.  calycitlata  (leather  leaf.)  ligustrina. 

3—2.    ANDROPOGON,  4.  10. 
n&tans  (beard  grass.)    macrourus  (Indian  grass.)   di& 


A  P  0  73 

sttiflorus.    purpurascens.  furcatus  (forked  spike.)    am- 
biguus- 

ri3— 13.    ANEMONE,  26.  61. 
hortensis  (garden  anemone.)    virginiana  (mn&  flower.) 
aconitrfolia.    dichotoma.    nemorosa  (low  anemone.)    Ian- 
eifolia.     thai fctro ides  (rue  anemone.) 

5—2.     ANETHUM,  45.  60. 

graveolens  (dill  E.)  fruit  co  mpressed  :  plant  annual. 
foeniculum.  (fennel.)  » 

5—2.     ANGELICA,  45.  GO. 

archangelica  (archangel.)  atropurpurca.  triquinala 
(angelica.)  lucida  (nondo.) 

13—13.    ANNONA,  52.  76. 
glabra  (custard  apple.) 

18—2.     ANTHEMIS,  49.  55. 

nobilis  (chamomile.)  arvensis.  cotula  (mayweed,  w. 
J.  0.)  receptacle  conic,  chaff-bristly  :  seed  naked : 
leaves  2-pinnate,  leafets  subulate  3-partcd, 

22—3.     ANTHOCEROS,  57.  S. 
levis  (wax-liverwort.)    punctatus. 

2—2.    ANTHOXANTHUM,  4.  10. 
odoratum,    (sweet    vernal  grass.    M.  K.)  spike  ob- 
long ovate  ;  florets  subpeduncled,  longer  than  the  awn. 

14—2.     ANTIRRHINUM,  40.  40. 
elatine    (creeping    snap-dragon.)        triornitlwpho'nim 
(three-birds.)     linaria  (snap-dragon.)     canadense  (flax 
snap-dragon.) 

18—1.     APARGIA,  49.  53. 
autumnalis  (false  hawk-weed.) 

5—2.     APIUM,  45.  60. 

petrosdinum  (parsley.  E.  Ju.  S  .)  cauline  leaves  linear ; 
involucres  minute,  gnmeolens  (celery.) 

5—2.    APOCYNUM,  30.  47. 
androsaemifolium     (dog-bane,    r-w.  J.    m.)   leaves 
G 


74  A  R  I 

ovate,  glabrous  :  cymes  lateral  and  terminal  :  tube  of 
the  coral  longer  than  the  calyx,  canndbinum  (Indian 
hemp.)  hyperidfolium  (John's  dog-bane.) 

"  13—5.    AQU1LEGIA,  26.  61. 
vidgaris  (garden  columbine.)    canadensis  (wild  colum- 
bine,   r.  &  y.  Ap.  1|.)  horns  strait:  stamens  exsert. 

15—2.    ARABIS,  39.  63. 

rhomloidea  (wall  cress.)  thaliana  (mousear  cress.) 
reptans.  lyrata  (w.  Ap.  $.)  leaves  glabrous,  radical 
ones  lyrate,  caulirie  ones  linear,  hispida.  hastata.  fal- 
cata. 

17— 10.     ARACHIS,  32.  93. 

hypogaea  (false  ground-nut,  pea-nut.) 

5—5.     ARALIA.     46.  59. 

spinosa  (shot  bush,  angelica  tree.)  hispida  (bristly 
stem  sarsaparilla.)  racemosa  (spikenard)  nndicaulis 
(wild  sarsai)arilla.  w.  M.  2/.)  hardly  a  proper  stalk,  1- 
leafed  ;  the  leaf  thrice-temate  or  thrice-quinate  ;  leaiets 
oblong-oval  :  scape  naked,  shorter  than  the  leaf  ;  um- 
bels few. 

10—1.    ARBUTUS,  18.  51. 

uva-ursi — (bear-berry.)    alpina. 

18—1.     ARCTIUM,  49.  54. 

lappa  (burdock,  r.  Au.  11.)  cauline  leaves  heart-form 
petioled  toothed  :' flowers  panicled,  globose  :  calyx  smooth. 

10—3.     ARENARIA,  22.  82. 

laterifiom  (sandwort.)  serpylli/olia.  glabru.  stricta* 
squarrosa.  rubra. 

19—1.    ARETHUSA,  7.  21. 

ophioglossoides  (snakemouth.  r.  Ju.  1|.)  root  fi- 
brous :  scape  with  2  distant  leaves,  1  or  2  flowered  ; 
leaves,  oval-lanceolate  :  lip  fringed.  Flowers  large,  bul- 
losa  (arethusa.)  trianthophoras.  verticillata.  medcoloi- 
des. 

J3— 1.    ARGEMOKE,  27.  62. 

inexicana  (horned  I>oppey.) 

3—2.     ARISTIDA,  4.  10, 
dichotoinu  (beard-grass.)    oligantha* 


A  S  C  75 

19—6.     ARISTOLOCHIA,  II.  23. 
sipho  (birthwort.)    scrpcntaria. 

12—1.    ARMENIACA,  36.  92. 
vulgaris  (apricot.)     dasycarpa  (black  apricot.) 

13—2.     ARNICA,  49.  55. 
montana  (arnic.) 

12—5.     ARONIA,  36.  92. 

arbuti^olia  (red  choak-bcrry.)  bdtryapium  (shad-bush, 
w.  Ap.  i?.)"  leaves  oblong-oval  ;  cuspidate,  glabrous: 
flowers  racenied  ;  petals  linear  :  germs  pubescent :  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  glabrous,  sanguineu  (bloody  cboak- 
beiTy.)  melanocarpa  (black  choak-berry.)  ovulis  (med- 
lar bush.) 

18—2.    ARTEMISIA,  49.  55 

abrotanum  (southern  woo  i.)  canadensis  (wild  worm- 
wood.) pontica  (roman  artcmisia.)  absynthium  (worm- 
wood.) vulgaris  (mugwort.) 

20—13.     ARUM,  2.  T. 

dracontium  (green  dragon.)  airorubens  (brown  drag-» 
on.)  triphyllum  (Indian  turnip,  wild  turnip,  false  wake- 
robin,  p.  &  g.  M.  .)  sub -caulescent :  leaves  ternate  ; 
leatets  ovate  acuminate  :  spadix  club-form  :  spathe  ovate 
acuminate  peduncled,  with  the  lamina  as  long  as  the  spa- 
dix. virgin icum  { poison  arum.) 

3—2.     ARUNDO,  4.  10. 

donax  (reed  grass.)  phr-igftiites  (marsh  reed  grass.) 
conoides  (compact  reed  grass.)  epigejos.  canadensis. 
arenaria  (sand  reed  grass),  agrostoides. 

11—1.    ASARUM,  11.23. 

canadense  (white  snake  root,  wild  ginger,  p.  M.  If.) 
leaves  broad-kidney-form  in  pairs  :  calyx  woolly  deeply 
S-parted,  divisions  sub-lanceolate  reflected.  Root  aro- 
matic, vtrginicum* 

19—5.     ASCLEPIAS,  30.  47. 

syriaca  (common  milkweed,  w-p.  Ju.  24.)  stem  very 
simple  :  leaves  lanceolate-oblong  gradually  acute,  downy 
beneath  :  umbels  subnodding,  downy.  3  to  5  feet  high  5 


76  AST 

flowers  in  large  close  clusters  sweet-scented,  oibtusifolia. 
acuminate,  anioena.  purpurascens.  "viridifiora.  •oarie* 
gaUL  incarnata.  debilis.  quadrifolia.  laurifoiid.  ver- 
ticilldti.  tuberosa.  lanceolata. 

13—1.    ASCYRUM,  20.  68. 
crux-dndreae  (peter's  wort.)    hypericoides. 
6—1.    ASPARAGUS,  11.  12. 
qffidnalis  (aspr.ragus.  E.  Ju.  if.)  stem  herbaceous  un- 
armed sub-erect  terete:  leaves  bristle-form  soft :  stipules 
sub -solitary. 

6—1.    ASl'HODELUS,  10.  14. 
hiteus  (asphodel,  king's  spear.)  ramosus. 

22—1.     ASP1DIUM,  55.  5. 

clcutanum.  acrostichoides.  noveboracense.  cristatum. 
obtnsum.  aculeatum.  marginalc  ( Ju.  u )  frond  doubly- 
pinnate  :  lesser  leafets  oblong  obtuse  Recurrent  crenate, 
more  deeply  crenate  at  tliebase  r  fruit  dots  marginal :  stipe 
chaffy,  jiiix-mas  (Ju.)  frond  doubly-pinnate,  lesser  leaf* 
ets  oolong  obtuse  serrate,  serratures  beardless  :  fruit-dots 
of  the  middle  rib  approximate  :  stipe  and  rachis  chaffy. 
2  or  3  feet  high,  intermedium  spinulosum.  dilatatum. 

22—1.     ASPLENIUM,  55.  5. 
rhizophyllum  (walking  leaf.)    angustifolium  (spleen- 
wort.)    ebetieum.    mdanocaulon.     t/ielyptcroides*     ruta- 
muraria*    montanum. 

18—2.    ASTER,  49.  55. 
1.  Leaves  entire. 

hyssopifolius  (starflower.)  solidaginoides.  ledifolius. 
rigidus.  linariifoluis.  linifolius.  subulatus.  foliolosus* 
tenuifolius.  dumosus.  ericoides.  multiflorus.  sparsiflo- 
rus  concolor.  cornifdius.  humilis.  amygdalinus.  so.- 
licifolius.  aestiv-us.  no-va-angliae.  cyaneus.  phlogifo~ 
Hits,  patens. 

2.    Leaves  heart- form  and  ovate,  serrate, 
iindidatus.    paniculatus.    cordifolius..  corymbosus. 
rovhyllus.    chinensis  (china  aster.) 


A  fl  A  W 

3.    Leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate,  lower  ones  serrate. 

amplexicaulis.  prenanthoidcs.  lacvigatus.  versicolor. 
mutabilis.  laevis.  coccinneus.  puniceus.  novi-belgii. 
spectabilis.  serotinus.  tardiflorus.  blandus.  acuminatus. 
conyzoides.  tadula.  strictus.  tradescanti.  recurvatus. 
la&us.  junceus.  dracunculoides.  miser,  dirergens.  dif- 
fusus.  pendulus. 

17—10.    ASTRAGALUS,  32.  93. 
glaux  (milk  vetch.)    depressus  (trailing  vetch*)    se- 
cundus*     canadensis  caroliniamts. 

S— 2.    ATHEROPOQON,  4.  10. 
apludoides  (hair-beard.) 

22—1.     ATHYRIUM,  55.  5. 

thelypteris  (snuffbox  fern.)  JilLx-femina.  asphnoides. 
angustum.  bulbiferum.  tenue.  rujidulum.  pnmtilobum, 

13—13.     ATRAGENE,  26.  61. 
amcricana  (false  virgin  bovver.) 

5—2.    ATRIPLEX,  12.  29. 

halimus  (orarh.)  hortensis  (garden  orach.)  laciniata* 
patula,  arcnaria. 

5—1.     ATROPA,  28.  41. 
belladonna  (deadly  nightshade.)    physaloides. 

20—4.     AUC.UBA. 
japonica  (japan  shrub.) 

3—2.    AVENA,  4.  1Q. 

satiroa  (oats.E.  J.  0.)  panicled  :  calyx  2-seeded  ;  seeds 
smooth,  one  of  them  awned.  First  discovered  in  the  is- 
land of  Juan  Fernandes.  A  variety  is  awnless  and  has 
black  seeds,  sterilis  (animated  oats.)  fatua.  elatior, 
spicata.  pensyhanica. 

5—1.    AZALEA,  18.  50. 

lapponica  (mountain  honeysuckle.)  procumbens.  cnl~ 
endulacea.  cancscens.  nudiflora  (early  honeysuckle.) 
nitida  (swamp  honeysuckle.)  viscosa  (white  honeysuckle.) 
§lauca  (fragrant  honeysuckle.) 

e  2 


78  BEL 

18— 2.    BACCHARIS,  49.  55. 

halimifolia  (groundsel  tree.)  angusti/olia  (ploughman's 
spikenard.) 

22—5.     BAEMYCES,  57.  2. 

rosea.  byssoides.  cariosa.  coccifera.  deformis.  pyx- 
Ida  ta.  cornuta.  (brittle  lichen.)  parecha,  lobes  sub- 
erect,  deep- many-cleft,  subpinnate,  narrowed  ;  cups  supra- 
foliaceous,  turbinate,  horned-toothed  :  stems  becoming 
branched,  thick  inflated;  branches  very  short  pro  jecting,. 
denticulate  at  top  \  knobs  clustered,  bay.  uncialis.  ran* 
giferina. 

14— i.     BALLOTA,  42.  39. 
nigra  (false  motherwort.) 

18—1.     BALSAMITA,  49,  55. 
suavolens  (costmary,  sweet  tansey.) 

22—2.     BARBULA,  56.  4. 

apiculata  (spiral  tooth  moss,)  stem  short,  simple :  leaves 
remotish  lance-oblong,  acuminate,  erect,  spread>  capsule 
oblong  ;  lid  beaked,  acuminata,  leaves  linear  :  capsule 
rylindric,  erect ;  lid  acuminate,  tortuosa* 

41—1.     BARTONIA. 
panieulata  (screwstem.) 

22__2.     BARTRAMIA,  56.  4. 
fontana  (paper-tooth  moss.)    crispa. 

14—2.     B ARTS! A,  40.  35. 

coccinea  (painted  cup.  y.  &  r.  J.  S  .)  leaves  alternate 
linear  gash-pinnatifid  ;  divisions  linear  :  bracts  dilated 
generally  3-cleft  longer  than  the  flowers,  paliida. 

22—5.     BATHELIUM,  57.  2. 
mastoideum  (olive  lichen.) 

5—1.     BATSCHIA,  41.  42. 
^anescens  (puccoon,  false  bugloss.) 

18—2.     BELL1S,  49.  55* 
%ercnnis  (daisy.) 


B  0  L  7& 

6—1.    BERBERRIS. 

•cidgaris  (barberry,  y.  M.    h .)  branches  punctate 
prickles  mostly  in  threes  :  leaves  obovate,  remotely  ser 
rate  :  flowers  racemed. 

5—2.     BETA,  12,  29. 
•vulgaris  (beet.)    cicla  (white  beet,  scarcity.) 

14—1.     BETONICA,  42.  39. 
qfficinalis  (betony.) 

20—13.     BETULA,  50.  99. 

popnlifolia  (white  birch,  poplar  birch.)  excelsa  (tall 
birch,  yellow  birch.)  rubra  Creel  birch.)  papyracea 
(paper  'birch,  canoe  birch.)  lenta  (spicy  birch,  cherry 
birch.  M.  T? .)  leaves  heart-ovate  sharp-serrate  acumi- 
nate ;  nerves  and  petioles  pilose  beneath  :  scales  of  the 
strobile  glabrous  with  obtuse  equal  lobes  having  elevated 
veins,  glandulosa  (scrub  birch.)  pumila  (dwarf  birch.) 

18—2.     BTDENS,  49.  55. 

cernua  (water  beggar-ticks.)  beckii  [lately  discovered 
near  Schenectady  by  Dr.  Lewis  Beck,  and  named  by  Dr. 
John  Torry.]  chrysanthemoides  ^daisy  beggar-ticks.) 
frondosa  (burr- mary  gold.)  connata.  pilosa.  bipmnata 
(hemlock  beggar-ticks.) 

14—2.     BIGNONIA,  40.  45. 
radicans  (trumpet  flower.) 

22—1.     BLECHNUM,  55.  4. 
borealis  (Roman  fern.) 

1—2.     BUTIJM,  12.  29. 

eapitatum  (strawberry  blite.  r.  J.  0.)  heads  in  a  terini- 
»ml  spike,  not  intermixed  with  leaves  :  leaves  triangular 
toothed,  mrgatum  (slender  blite.) 

20—4.     BOEHMERIA,  53.  98. 
cylindrica  (false  nettle,  round  head.)    laterjflora. 

22—6.    BOLETUS,  58.   1. 

tiovinus  (honey-comh  toadstool.)  edulis.  communis.  per- 
ennis.    lucidus.    villosus,    igniarius  (touchwood,)  tubes 


80  B  R  O 

very  slender  with  fine  pores,  yellowish  changing  to  red- 
brown  :  pileus  in  the  form  of  a  horse's  hoof,  versicolor, 
tubes  short  minute  :  pileus  thin,  velvety,  striped  with  va- 
rious-coloured concentric  circles.  Smaller  than  ignia- 
rius.  frumentarius.  fiepaticus.  cinnabarinus. 

18—2.     BOLTONIA,  49.  55. 
aster  aides  (false  aster.)    glastifplia  (false  chamomile.) 

5—1.     BORAGO,  41.  42. 

officinalis  (borage.  E.  b.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  alternate  :  ealyx 
spreading,  ajricana. 

22—1.    BOTRYCHIUM,  55.  5. 
fumarioides  (grape  fern.)    obliquum.    dissectum.    vir- 
ginicum.    gracile. 

14—1.    BRACHYSTEMUM,  42.  39. 
verticillatum (-Virginian  thyme.)    lancedatum.    virgin- 
icum. 

15—2.    BRASSICA,  39.  63. 

arientalis  (perfoilate  cabbage.)  napus  (kale  or  cole.) 
rapa  (turnip.)  oleracea  (common  cabbage,  including  all 
the  varieties  caused  by  culture.  E.  £ .)  root  caulescent 
terete  fleshy  :  leaves  smooth  glaucous  repand  and  lo- 
bate.  ruta-baga. 

3—2.  BRIZA,  4.  10. 

canadensis  (quake  grass,  u .)  panicle  lax  ;  spikelets 
erect  4  to  20-flowered,  the  common  glume  smallish  ;  out- 
er valve  of  the  flower  acute  ovate  :  leaves  long  :  culm  er- 
ect, eragrostis.  media,  maxima  (rattlesnake  grass.) 

6—1.    BROMEUA,  10. 
ananas  (pine  apple.) 

3—2.    BROMUS,  4.  10. 

secalinus.  (chess.  .1.  0.)  panicle  nodding  ;  spikelets 
ovate  compressed :  glumes  naked  distinct  ;•  awns  subulate 
straitish-zigzag.  ciliatus.  pubescens  (broom  grass.)  pur- 

21—4.    BROUSSONETIA,  50.  99. 
papyrifera  (paper  mulberry.) 


C  A  L  81 

14—2.     BROWALLIA,  40.  40. 
elata. 

£2—2.    BRYUM,  56.  4. 

conoideum  (thread  moss.)  androgynum.  palnstre'.  uii~ 
croodontum .  heterostachum. 

14—2.     BUCHNERA,  40.  31. 
americaiia  (blue-hearts.) 

15—1.     BUNIAS,  39.  63. 
maritima  (sea  rocket.)    edentula. 

18—2.     BUPHTHALMUM,  49,  55. 
grandiflorum  (ox-eye.) 

22—2.     BUXBAUMIA,  56.  4. 
aphylla  (leafless  moss.) 

20—4.     BUXUS,  38.  96. 
sempen'irens  (box.) 

22—5.     BYSUS,  57.  2. 
lactifera.    aurea  (Castleton  on  rocks.) 

18—1.     CACAUA,  49-  55. 

suaveolens  (wild  caraway.)  atriplicifolia  (orach  cara- 
way.) reniformis. 

12 — 1.     CACTUS,  13.  85. 
flagellifonnis  (creeping  cereus. )  opuntia  (prickly  pear.) 

18—4.     CALENDULA,  49.  55. 
offidnalis  (pot-marygold.  E.  y.  0.)  seed  keeled,  muri- 
cate,  incurved. 

22—5.     CAL1CIUM,  57.  2. 
strigonelium  (fungus  lichen.) 

20—13.     CALLA,  2.  7. 

palustris  (water  arum.  w.  Ju.  7/1.)  leaves  suh-roundish 
heart-form  acute  :  spathe  ovate  cuspidate  spreading  when 
mature.  Grows  in  wet  places. 

4—1.     GALLIC ARPA,  43.  38, 
amencana  (bermuda  mulberry.) 


82  CAR 

2—1.     CALLISTACHIA,  40.  35. 
virginica  (Culver's  physic,  w.  An.  u .)  spikes  termi- 
nal :  leaves  in  fours  or  fives. 

1—2.     CALLITRICIIE,  12.  6. 

verna  (water  chick  weed  or  starwort.  w.  M.  f^.)  upper 
leaves  spatulate  obovate,  lower  ones  linear  obtuse  and 
etna  ruinate,  C.  heterophylla.  intermedia,  autumnalis. 
brevijolia. 

13—13.     CALTHA,  26.  61. 

palustris  (American  cowslip,  y,  Ap.  if.)  stem  erect  co- 
rymbed  :  leaves  heart-kidney-form,  lobe*  spreading,  a- 
cute-crenate  all  around  ;  floral  leaves  sub-sessile  :  petals 
ovate.  Jicaroides  (fig  cowslip.)  fuibeliifolia.  (tooth-leaf 
cowslip.)  rntegerrima. 

12—13.     CALYCANTHUS,   35.  92. 
Jloridus  (carolina  allspice.) 

5—1.     CAMPANULA,  29.  52. 

grandiflora  (great  bellflower.)  rotundifolia  (flax  bell- 
flower,  hair-bell,  b.  Ju.  i;.)  glabrous;  radical  leaves  kid- 
iiey-heartform  crenate  ;  cauline  ones  linear  entire,  a- 
mertcuna.  nitida  acuminata.  erinoides  (prickly  bell- 
:flotver.)  medium  (canterbury  bells.)  speculum  (venus* 
looking  glass.)  perfoliata  (clasping  bellflower.) 

21—5.     CANNABIS,  53.  98. 

saliva  (Hemp.  E.  g.  Au.  @.)  stem  pilose  :  leaves  digi- 
tate serrate  pilose. 

5—1.     CAPSICUM,  28.  41. 

annuum  (guinea  pepper,  E.  vv.  Au.  $.)  stem  herba- 
ceous :  peduncles  solitary. 

15—2.     CARDAMINE,   39.  63. 
impatiens  (cuckow  flower.)    rotundi/olia.    pensylvanica 
(american  watercress,   w.  M.  if.)  glabrous,  branching  : 
leaves  pinnate  :  leafets  roundish-oblong,  obtuse,   tooth - 
angled,    'virginica,    teres.    hirsuta. 

8—3.     CARDIOSPERMUM,  23.  65, 
halicacabum  (heart-seed.) 


C  A  T  g3 

18—1.     CARDUUS,  49.  54. 
pcctiiiatus  (comb  thistle.) 

20—3.    CAREX,  3.  9. 
Stigmas  two. 

scirpoidea  (sedge.)  stcrilis  csphalophora.  areiutria. 
bromoides.  retrqflexa.  stipata.  muricata.  innhlenbergii. 
multiflora.  sparganioides.  dirulsa.  rosea.  paniculata. 
leporiiia.  scirpoides.  lagopodi  aides,  ovalis.  scoparia. 
curia,  remota.  jestucacea.  saxatilis.  caespitosa.  crm- 
ita.  acuta. 

Stimds  three. 


fraseri.  wildonowii.  polytrichoides.  pedunculdtd.  o- 
vatci.  "virescens.  hirsnta.  buxbaumii.  trichocarpa.  ra- 
ria.  subulata.  murginata.  vestita.  tentaculata.  milia- 
ris.  InpnlirM.  /lava,  oligocarpa.  folliculata.  pubescens. 
plantaginea.  anceps.  granularis.  conoidea.  tetanica. 
laxiflora.  hystericina.  distans.  flexuosa.  digitalis. 
umbellata.  miliacea.  pseudo-cyperus.  recurva.  pellita. 
lacustris.  -vesicaria.  bullata. 

20—13.     CARPINUS,    50.  99. 

americana  (hornbeam,  g.  M.  \  )  leaves  ohlong-ovate, 
acuminate,  unequally  serrate  :  scales  of  the  strobile  3- 
pai'ted. 

18—1.     CARTHAMUS,  49.  54. 
tinctorius  (false  saffron.  E.  y.  J.  0.)  leaves  ovate,  en- 
tire serrate-  aculeate,     coerulius. 

5—2.     CARbM,  45.  60. 
carui  (caraway.) 

10—  1.     CASSIA,  S3.  93. 

senna  '(Egyptian  senna.)  marilandica  (senna.)  cha~ 
inaecrista  (cassia,  partiitlge  pea.)  Jasciculata.  nictitans. 

22—13.     CASTANEA,  50.  99. 
americana  (chesnut.  g.  J.  h  •)  leaves  lance-oblong,  sin- 
uate-serrate, with  the  serratures   mucronate,  glabrous 
t)oth  sides,    pwnila  (chinquapin.) 

2—1.     CATALPA,  40.  45. 

syringaefolia  (catalpa  tree,  w.  &  p.  Ju«  h  •)  leaves  cor- 
date, flat. 


84  C  E  R 

5—2.     CAUCALIS,  45.  60. 
mauritania  (base  parsley.) 

6—1.     CAULOPHYLLUM,  24.  61- 

thalictroides  (poppose  root,  false  cohosh.) 

5—1.     CEANOTHUS,  43.  95. 
americanus  (New-Jersey  tea.  w.  J.  b  0  leaves  ovate  acu- 
minate, serrate,  3-nerved,  pubescent  beneath. 

5—1.     CELASTRUS,  43.  95. 
scaiidens  (false  bittersweet,  staff  tree.  y-w.  J.  fc .)  stem 
twining. 

5—1.     CELOSIA,  42.  30. 

cristata  (cock's  crest  E.  Ju.  @.)  leaves  oblong-ovate: 
peduncles  terete,  sub-striate  :  spikes  oblong. 

5—2.     CELTIS,  53.  99. 

occidentalis  (nettle  tree.)  crassifolia  (hag-berry,  hoop- 
ash.) 

3—1.    CENCHRUS,  4.  10. 

echinatus  (hedgehog  grass.)    tribuloides. 

18—3.     CENTAUREA,  49.  54. 

solstitialis.  cijanus  (blue-bottle.  E.  b.  Ju/  0.)  scales  of 
the  calyx  serrate  leaves  linear  entire ;  lower  ones  toothed. 
scabiosa  tscabious  centaury.)  centaurium  (great  centau- 
ry.)  jacea  (knapweed.)  "suiweolens  (yellow  sultan.)  6e- 
tiedicta  (blessed  thistle.)  moschata  (sweet  sultan.) 

4—1.    CEPHALANTHUS,  48.  57. 
occidentalis  (button  bush.  g.  Ju.  T?.)  leaves  opposite  and 
in  threes. 

10—5.     CERASTIUM,  22.  82. 
•vidgatum  (rnousear  chickweed  w.  Ap.  0.)  hirsute,  vis- 
cid, cespitose  :  leaves  ovate  :  petals  oblong,  about  equal 
to  the  calyx  :  flowers  longer  than  the  peduncle,     semide- 
candrnm.    arvense.    dichotomum.    viscositm.    tenuifolium* 

20—13.     CERATOPHYLLUM,  15.  16. 
demersum  (hornwort.) 

10—1.     CERCIS,  53.  93. 
canadensis  (red  bud,  judas  tree.) 


CHI  85 

5~'l.     CEttlNTHE,  41.  42. 
major  (honey  wort.) 

22—5.     CETRARIA,  57.  2. 
islandica  (Iceland  lichen.)    lacunosa.   juniperina* 

5—2.     CHAEROPHYLLUM,  45.  60. 
procumbens .(chervil.)    daytoni  (poison  cicily.) 

20—1.     CHAR  A,  15.  6. 
vulgaris  (feather-beds.)   foliosa.     flcxilis. 

22—1.     CHEILANTHES,  55.  5. 
vestifa  (lip  fern,) 

15—2.     CHEIRANTHUS,  39.  63. 
cheiri  (wall-flower.)    fenestratis   (waved   wall-flower.) 
anivtus  (stock  July -flower.     E.Ju.  0.)  leaves  lanceolate, 
subdentate,  obtuse,  hoary  :  siliquecylindric  with  an  acute 
apex,    incanus  (brompton  stock,  brompton  queens.) 

13—1.     CHELIDONIUM,  Z7.  63. 
mrijus  (celandine.) 

14—2^  CHELONE,  40.  45. 

glabra  (snakehead.  w.  &  r.  Ju.  y.)  leaves  opposite, 
iance-oblong,  acuminate,  serrate  ^  spikes  terminal,  dense- 
flowered. 

5—2.  CHENOPODIUM,  12.  29. 
lonus-henricus  (english  mercury.)  rubrnm  (rusty  pig- 
weed.) album  (pigweed,  g.  Ju.  O-)  leaves  rho'mboia- 
ovate,  erose,  entire  behind,  the  ujiper  ones  oblong  entire, 
seeds  smooth,  viride  (green  pigweed.  hybr:di*m.  bo- 
trys  (oak  of  Jerusalem.)  ambrosiofdes  (sweet  pigweed.) 
anthelmenticum  (wormseed.)  muritimnm  ^sea  pigweed.) 
glacum.  scoparium  (summer  cypi-ess.) 

10—1.     CHIMAPHILA,  18.  51. 
maculata  Tspotted  winter-green.)    um^ellata   (prince's 
pine,  bitter  wintergrcen.  pipsisewa.   r-w.  Ju.    14..)  leaves 
wedge-lanceolate,  with  an  acute  base  :  scape  corymbed  .* 
filaments  glabrous. 

H 


8-6  CIS 

2—1.  CHIONANTHES,  44.  37. 
virgimca  (fringe  tree.) 

5—1.     CHIRONIA.   20.  40. 

angularis  (American  century.)  gracilis.  chloroides. 
stellaris.  calycosa.  panlculata. 

18—2.     CHRYSANTHEMUM,  49.  55. 

leucdnthemum  (J.  w.  &y.  if.)  leaves  clasping,  lanceo- 
late serrate,  cut-toothed  at  the  base :  stem  erect  branch- 
ing, parilienium  (feverfew.)  coronarium  (garden  chrys- 
anthemum.) 

8—3.     CHRYSOSPLENIUM,  23.  65. 
oppositifolium  (golden  saxifrage,  water-carpet,  y-r.  M, 
1£.)  leaves  opposite,  roundish,  slightly  crenate,  tapering 
for  a  little  distance  to  the  petiole. 

18—1.     CICHORIUM,  49.  53. 

intibus  (succory  or  endive.)    endivia  (garden  endive.) 

5—2.     CICUTA,  45.  60. 

wirosa  (water  hemlock.)  bulbifera.  maculata  (mus- 
quash plant.) 

13—1.     CIMICIFUGA,  26.  62. 

•serpentaria  (hugbane,  black  snakeroot,  cohosh.  w.  Ju. 
Z(.)  leaves  decompound;  leafets  ovate-oblong,  gash- 
toothed  ;  racemes  in  wand-like  spikes :  sometimes  monp- 
gynious. 

18—2.     CINERARIA,  49.  55. 

fieterophyllg.  (ash  wort.) 

lr~-2.    CINNA,  4.  10. 
arundinacea  (indian  reed.) 

2— U     CIRCAEA,  48.  88. 

lutetiana  (enchanter's  nightshade,  r-w.  Ju.  %' .)  stem 
erect :  leaves  ovate,  denticulate,  somewhat  glabrous. 
Var.  alpiw. 

13—1.     CISTUS,  20.  80. 

canadensis  (rock-rose,  frost  plant,  y.  J.  if .)  without 
stipules,  erect  5  leaves  alternate  erect  linear -lanceolate. 


C  N  I  87 

flat,  tomcntosc  beneath  ;  divisions  of  the  calyx  broad- 
ovate  acuminate  :  stamens  declined  :  capsules  shorter 
than  the  calyx. 

13—1.     CITRUS,  18.  70. 

aurantimri (orange  tree.)  medico,  (lemon  tree.)  Var.  #» 
mo».  (lime  tree.) 

22—6.     CLATHRUS,  58.   1. 
cancellatus  (latticed  fungus.) 

£2—6.     CLAVARIA,  58.  1. 

gyraus  (cluh  fungus,)  cylindric,  white,  rather  tapering 
at  the'ends  :  stem  capillary,  pellucid,  simple,  p'stillaris- 
formosa.  grisect.  corniculata. 

5—1.     CLAYTON  I  A,  13.  86. 

virginica  (spring  beauty,  w.  &  r.  Ap.  1|.)  leaves  lance- 
linear  :  raceme  solitary  :  leaves  of  the  calyx  acutish  : 
petals  obovate,  retuse  :  root  tuberous,  spatulata  (spring 
beauty.) 

13—13.  CLEMATIS,  26.  61. 
•viticella  (purple  virgin's  bovver.)  viorna  (leather  flow- 
er.) virginica  (virgin's  bower,  w.  Ju.  h .)  climbing : 
leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  ovate,  subcordate,  gash-toothed 
and  lobate  :  corymbs  dichotomous,  few  flowered  :  petals 
longer  than  the  stamens.  Often  dioecious,  flammula 
(sweet  virgin's  bower.)  ochroleucz, 

6—1.     CLEOME,  25.  64. 
dodecandra  (false  mustard.)    ptntaphyllct* 

la— 1.     CLETHRA,  18.  51. 
alnifolia  (spiked  alder,  sweet  pepper  bush.) 
22—2.     CLIMACIUM,  56,  4. 
dendroides  (tree  moss ) 

14—1.     CLINOPOD1UM,  42.  59. 
•vulgare  (field  thyme.) 

18—1.     CNICUS,  49.  54. 

lanceolatus  (common  thistle,  p.  J.  S  .)  leaves  decurrent, 
hispid,  pinnatifid  ^  divisions  2-lobcd,  divaricate,  spinose  i 


88  CON 

calyx  ovate  with  spiderweb-like  pubescence  ;  scales  lan- 
ceolate, spinose,  spreading,  discolor,  altis&iiiws  vtall 
thistle.)  arvensis  (canada  thistle.)  horriduhts.  muticus. 

15—1.     COCiiLEARIA,  39.  63. 

offic'nnlis  (scurvy  grass.)  armoracia  (horse  radish.  E» 
w«  J.  ?_f.)  radical  leaves  lanceolate,  crenate  j  cauline 
ones  gashed. 

SO— 3.     C01X,  4,  10. 
lackryma  (job's  teat1.) 

14—1.    COLLINSBNIA,  42.  39. 
eanadtus'S  (horse  balrn>  rich- weed,  y.  Au.  if.)  leaves 
heart-oval :  teeth  of  the  calyx  short,  subulate,  about  equal 
to  the  tube. 

17—10.     COLUTEA,  32.  93. 
arloresvens  (bladder  senna.)    vesicaria  (E.  y.  Ju.) 
12—13.     COMARUM,  35.  92. 

palustre  (marsh  fivefinger.  p.  Ju.  if.)  leaiets  in  threes, 
fives  or  sevens,  serrate. 

5—1,     COMMELINA,  6.  13. 

communis  (day-flower.)  erecta-  virginica  (long-leav- 
od  day  flower.) 

20^3.     COMPTONIA.  50.  99. 

asplenifolia  (sweet  fern.) 

22—4.     CONFERVA,  57.  2. 

rivHlaris,  black-green,  closely  compacted  and  often 
twisted,  joints  shortish,  "velutina,  green  entangled,  erect, 
vshort,  slender,  obtuse,  joints  short  and  slightly  swelling. 
flu-viatilis  (river  greenhair.)  divisions  rather  rigid, 
mostly  alternate,  tape  ring  to  both  ends  :  joints  long,  di- 
lated 2- ways,  partitions  warty,  swelled,  glomcrata, 
branches  alternate  ;  branchlets  one-way,  fascicled  pencil- 
form  :  joints  cylindric,  rather  long  :  partitions  pellucid. 
diaphana . 

5—2.     CONIUM,  45.  60. 

maculatum  (poison  hemlock.) 

6—1.     CONOSTYLJS. 

americana  ^weed-grass.) 


COR  39 

6— 1.  CONVALLARIA,  41.  12. 
majalis  (lily  of  the  valley.  E.  w.  Ju.  ^  .)  scape  naked* 
smooth :  leaves  ovate,  augiistifolia.  canaliculata.  pu- 
bescens.  multiflora  (giant  solomon  seal.)  umbettulata. 
latifolia.  raeemosa.  stellata.  ciliata.  trifolia.  bifolia. 
(dwarf  solomon  seal ) 

6—1.  CONVOLVULUS,  29.  43. 

arcensis  (bind-weed.)  sepium  (field  bind-weed.  w.  &  r. 
J.  T£.)  twining  :  leaves  sagittate,  with  the  apex  acute 
and  the  lobes  truncate  entire,  panduratus  (mechoacan.) 
batatas  (sweet  potatoe.)  jalapa  (jalap.)  stans  (dwarf 
morning  glory,)  repens.  sagittifolius  (arrow  bindweed.) 
spithameus.  tricolor. 

18—2.     CONYZA,  49.  55. 
bifrons  (plowman's  wort.)  marilandica  (camphor  plant.) 

13—13.     COFHS,  26.  61. 

trifolia  (gold-thread,  w.  M.  y.)  scape  1 -flowered  t 
leaves  ternate. 

18—3.     COREOPSIS.  49.  55. 

tripteris  (tickseed  sunflower,)  trichosperma.  dicJtolo- 
ma.  alternifolia. 

5—2.     CORIANDRUM,  45.  60. 

sativum  (coriander.  E.  w.  J.,0.)  fruit  globose  calyx 
and  style  permanent. 

22—5.     CORNICULABIA,  57.  2> 
tristis  (^horned  lichen.) 

4—1.     CORNUS,  45.  55. 

canadensis  (dogweed.  w.  M.  11 .)  liarbaceous  :  leaves  at 
the  top,  whorled,  veiny  :  involucres  ovate,  acuminate  : 
fruit  globose,  ftorida  (false  box,  dogwood  tree.)  mascu- 
la  (cornelian  cherry.)  sangitinea  (red  osier.)  a/6a(wliitc 
dogwood.)  sericea.  alternyolia.  circinata.  stricta,  pan- 
ic ulata  (bush  dogwood  ) 

17—10.     CORONILLA,  32.  93. 
enurus  (E.  Au.  % .) 

17—6.     CORYDALIS,  24.  62. 

cucullaria  (colic  weed.)  fungosa  (climbing  colic  \veed,.? 
glauca*  formosa,  aurea* 

&,\     «w 


90  CUP 

£0—13.     CORYLUS,  50.  99. 

avellana  (filbert.)  americana  (hazel  nut.  Ap.  h  •)  leaves 
broad-cordate  :  calyx  oi'  the  fruit  hispid  with  glandular 
heads  at  the  ends  of  the  hairs,  campanulate,  longer  than 
the  roundish  nut,  limb  spreading,  tooth-serrate,  rostrata 
^beaked  hazel.) 


CRATAEGUS,  36,  92; 
eoccinea  (thorn  bush.  )   j)yrifolia  (pearleaf  thorn.)    pop- 
ulifolia.     elliptica.     glandulosa.    ftava  (yellow-berried 
thorn.)    punctata.    crus-gaUi.    oxyacantha  (quickset.) 

3—1.     CROCUS,  6.  18. 

qffi'cinalis  (saffron.  E.  y.  if.)  leaves  linear  with  revolute 
margins:  stigma  exsert,  with  long  linear  segments.  Var. 
sativuSf  having  violet  corols. 

18—10.     CROTOLARIA,  32.  93. 
sagiUalis  (rattle-box,  y.  Ju.  0.)  hirsute,  erect*  branch* 
ing  :    leaves  simple  lance-oblong  :    stipules  lanceolate^ 
accumulate  dccurrent.    parvrflora- 

6—1.     CRYPTA. 
minima* 

10—3.     CUCUBALUS,  22.  82. 
lehen  (bladder  campion.)    stellatus. 

20—16.     ClJCUMIS,.  34..  97. 

colocynthis  (bitter  apple.)  anguna  (prickly  cucumber.) 
anguinis  (snake  cucumber.)  mdo  (musk-melon^  sati- 
vus  (cucumber.) 

20—16.     CUCURBITA,  34.  97. 

ovifera  (egg-.squash.)  verntcosa  (club  squash.)  mdo- 
pcpo  (flat  squash.)  pepo  (pumpkin.)  citrutlus  (water  mel* 
on.)  lagenaria,  (gourd,  calabash.) 

14^-1.     CUJSTILA,  42.  39. 
mariana  (dittany.) 

11—1.    CUPHEA, 
Twwsissima  (waxvveed.) 

20—16.     CUPRESSUS,  51.  100. 
disticha  (cypress  tree.j     tliyome$\  white  -cedar*    h-} 


C  Y  P  91 

branchlets  compressed :  leaves  imbricate  four  ways,  ovate,  *> 
tubercled  at  the  base  :  strobile  globular. 

5—2.     CUSCUTA. 

americana  (dodder.  \v.  An.  0.)  flowers  ])eduncled?  urn-* 
belled,  5-cleft.  A  bright  yellow  leafless  vine, 

£2—6.     CYATHUS,  58.  1. 
striatus  (tunnel  fungus.)    lentiferns.    olla. 

19—1.     CYMBIDIUM,  7,  £1. 

pulchellum  (grass  pink*  r.  Ju.  24.)  leaves  radical,  ensi- 
form,  nerved:  scape  few^flowered  :  lip  erect,  slender  at 
the  base  ;  lamina  spread  :  disk  concave  bearded.  Jiye- 
male  (adam  and  eve,  putty  root.)  coraliorhizum  (coral 
root.)  odontorhizmn {toothed  coral.) 

19—5.    CYNANCHUM,  30.  47V 
obliquum  (choak-dog.) 

18—1.     CYNARA,  49.  54. 

cardunculus  (cardoon.)    scolymus  (garden  artichoke.) 
5—1.     CYNOGLOSSUM,  41.  42. 

offieinale  (hound tongue,  p,  J.  £  .)  very. soft-pubescent: 
leaves  broad-1  anceolate,  sessile :  panicled-racemes.  am~ 
vlexicaule. 

S— 1.     CYP£RUS,3.  9. 

kyllingeoides.     poaeformis  (g-p.  Au.  ir.)  spikelets  ob- 
long, flat,  fasicle^corynibed ;  fascicles  sessile  and  pedun- 
eled  :  inyoluci-e  3 -leaved,  very  long,     uncinatus.    com* 
pressus.   fliculmis.,  tennis,  brizeus,    injlextis.   diandrus. 
jlavicomus.      phymatodes.       erythrorhizus.     parviflorus. 
jiavescens.      strigosiis.     vireus. .    tuberosus   (nut-grass.) 
aestuarius. 

19—2.     CYPRIPEDIUM>  7.  21. 

candidum  (white  ladies'  slipper.)  parvijlorum.  pubes- 
eens  (yellow  ladies'  slipper.  M.  H-)  stem  leafy  :  lip  of  the 
style  triangular  oblong,  obtuse  :  outer  petals  oblong- 
ovate,  acuminate  ;  inner  ones  very  long*  linear,  contort- 
ed :  lip  compressed,  shorter  than  the-petals.  spectabite 
(gay  ladies'  slipper.)  humile  (low  ladies'  slipper,  w.  & 
p.  iM.  y.)  scape  leafless  1-flowered ;  raUicai  leaves  ia 


gsr  D  I  A 

pairs,  oblong,  obtuse  :  lip  of  the  style  round-rhomboid, 
acuminate,  deflexed ;  lip  longer  than  the  lanceolate  petals. 
split  before. 

3—2.    DACTYLIS,  4.  10. 

glomerata  (orchard  grass.  J.  y.)  panicle  one*sidedj, 
glomerate. 

12—13.    DALIBARDY,  35.  92. 
repens.  fragarioides  (dry  strawberry,  y.  M.  If.)  leave8 
ternate. 

8—1.    DAPHNE. 
mezereum  (mezereon.)    odora  (sweet  mezereon.) 

21—13.     DAT1SCA,  54. 
hirta  (false  hemp.) 

5—1.     DATURA,  28.  41. 

stramonium  (thorn  apple,  w-b.  Au.  0.)  pericarps  spi- 
ftose,  erect,  ovate  :  leaves  ovate,  glabrous.  Odour  very 
disagreeable,  tatida. 

5—2.     DAUCUS,  45.  60. 

carota  (carrot  E.  w.  Ju.  $  .)  seeds  hispid  :  divisions  of 
the  leafets  narrow-linear,  acute. 

11—1.     DECUMARIA,  19.  89. 

sdrmentosa* 

13—5.    DELPHINIUM,  26.  61 

consolidum  (larkspur.  E.  b.  Ju.  @.)  nectaries  1-leaved; 
stem  subdivided,  ajacis  (rocket  larkspur.)  exaltatum. 
atoureum.  staphisagria. 

15—2.    DENTARIA,  39.  63. 

diphylla  (tooth-root,  trickle*,  y.  &  r.  M.  U .)  stem  witk 
2  leaves  near  each  other,  lachmta^ 

10—2.     DIANTHUS,  22.  82. 

larbatus  (svveet  vviHiam.  E.  r.  &  w.  Ju.  2M  flowers 
fascicled,  armeria.  cariophyllus  (carnation.  E.  r.  &  w, 
K.)  flowers  solitary  :  scales  of  the  calyx  subrhomboid, 
very  shoi-t :  petals  crenate,  beardless,  chinensis  (chinn 
pink.)  plumarius  (single  pink.) 


DIG  93 

5—1.     DIAPENSIA,  21.  43. 

lapponica.    cuncifolia. 

22—1.     DICKSONIA,  55.  5. 

pilosiusculat  frond  doubly-pinnate  $  leafets  lance-ob- 
long, pinnatitid. 

22—2.    DICRANUM,  56.  4. 

scoparium  (swamp  fork  moss)  branched,  erect :  leaves 
lanre-awlform,  spread  at  top  :  capsule  solitary,  oblique, 
awn  with  an  awl-form  lid  heteromalium  Jbrk  moss)  near- 
ly simple  :  leaves  cutlass-form,  capillary,  broader  at  the 
ba^  <•  :  capsule  obovate,  gibbous,  inclined  :  lid  awl  form, 
inrurved.  glaucum.  strictum.  amb:~uum."  xanthodon. 
ten  itc.  purpurascens.  subbassilaris.  "longirostrum.  sci- 
uroides.  tortila. 

22— .1.    DIDYiMODON,  56.  4, 
lineare  (double-tooth  moss.) 

5—1.     DIERVILLA,  48.  58. 

humilis  (bush  honeysuckle,  y.  Ju.  h  0  peduncles  axil- 
lary and  terminal,  dichotomous,  3-flowered  :  leaves  ovate, 
serrate. 

14—2.    DIGITALIS.  40.  40. 
purpurea  (foxglove.)    intermedia. 

3—2.    DIGITARIA,  4.  10. 

sangulnalis  v'finger-grass.  g-p»  Ju.  0.)  spikes  many  : 
flowers  imbricate,  in  pairs,  paspalodes.  pilose  dacty.- 
lon, 

3—1.    DILATRIS. 
tinctoria  (red  root.) 

10—1.     DIONAEA,  14.  73. 
muscipula  (Venus'  flytrap.) 

21—6.    DIOSCOREA,  11.  12. 
villosa  (yam-root.)    glauca. 

21—13.    DIOSPYROS,  18.  41. 
virginiana  (persimon;  seeded  plum.) 


9*  EC  II 

22—2.     DIPHYSCIUM,  56    4. 
foliosiun,  leaves  linear^  acuminate  ;  capsule  ventricoscy 
with-  no  perceptible  peduncle. 

4—1.     DIPSACUS,  48.  56. 

futtonftm  (teasel.  E.  w.  JTu.  $  .)  leaves  sessile,  serrate  : 
chaff  hooked,  sykestris  (wilcTteahel.  Ju.  $  0  leaves  Con- 
nate sinuate  :  chaff  strait. 

8—1.     DIRCA,  31.  25. 

palustris  (leather-wood*  mouse-wood,  y.  Ap«  J? .)  leaves 
oval :  flowers  axillary*  2  or  3  in  a  hairy,  bud-like  invol- 
ucre.- 

5—1,     DODECATHEON,  20.  34. 
meadia  (false-cowslip.)    integrifolium. 

17—10.     DOLICHOS,  32.  93. 
purpiireus  (cowhage,  or  cowitch.) 

18—2.     DORONICUM,  49.  55< 
nudicaule  (leopard's  bane.) 

15—1.     DRAB  A,  39.  63. 
verna  (whitlow  grass.)    caroliniana.    arabisans* 

6—1.     DRACAENA,  11.  12. 

lorealis  (wild  lily  of  the  valley,  or  dragoness  plant,  g. 
y.  J,  y.)  subcaulescent :  leaves  oval  obov ate,  margin- 
ciliate. 

14—1.     DRACOCEPHALUM. 
•oirginianum  (dragon-head.)    canari&nse  (balm  of  gile- 
ad  herb.)    denticulalum. 

5—5.    DROSERA,  14.  64-. 

rotundifolia  (sundew,  y-w.  An.  ^.)  scape  simple j 
leaves  nearly  orbicular,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  petioles 
Jong  downy,  longifolia.  JH/foiia. 

5—1.    DULICHIUM,  3.  9. 

spathaceum  (galingale.  g-y.  Ju.  y.)  culm  3 -cornered) 
leafy  :  spikelets  spreading,  about  6 -flowered, 

19—5.     ECHINOPS,  49.  55, 
sphaerocephalus  (globe  thistle.) 


E  R  I  D5 

•5—1.    ECHIUM,  41.  55, 
vulgare  (viper's  bugloss,  blue  thistle.) 

19—5.    ELEPHANTQPUS,  49.  55. 
carolinianus  (elephant-foot.) 

3—2.     ELEUSINE,  4.  10. 
indica  (dog-tail  grass,  wire  grass.)  ' 

3—2.     ELYMUS,  4.  10.       ,, 

villosus  (wild  rye,  limegrass.)  canactensis.  virginicus. 
striatus.  hystrioc.  glaudfolws.  philaaelphicus. 

21—3.     EMPETRUM,  18.  51. 
.nigrum  (black  crowberry.) 

22—5.     ENDOCARPON,  57.  2. 
miniatus  (hidden  lichen.) 

10—1.    EPIGAEA,   18.  51. 

repens  (trailing  arbutus,  r.  &\v.  Ap.  fc.)  stem  creep- 
ing :  branches  and  petioles  very  hirsute  :  leaves  cordate, 
entire :  corol  cylindric. 

8—1.    EPILOBIUM,  17.  88. 

spicatum  (willow-herb.)  lineare.  coloratum.  tetrago- 
T^um.  palustre.  alpinum. 

19—1.    EPIPACTIS,  7.  21. 

convallawdes  (lily  orchis.) 

22—1,    EQTJISETUM,  55.  5. 
aroense  (horsetail.)     sylnaticum.    luliginosum.     SCITV 
poides.    hyemale,  (scouring  rush.) 

8—1.    ERICA,  18.  51. 
pubescens  (downy  heath.)    tetralix. 

18—2.    ERIGERON,  49.  55. 

canadense  (fleabane,  pride-weed.)  hyssopifolium.  stri- 
sosunti  heterophyllum.  philadelphicum.  purpurenih, 
bellidifolium.  nercosum. 

14—2.    ERINUS,  40.  35, 
a/ricanus. 


96  E  UP 

20—3.    ER1OCAULON,  6.  13. 
peUucidum  (pipewort.)    decingulare. 

3—1.    ER10PHORUM,  3.  9. 

virginicum  (cotton  grass.)  angusti  folium,  polystachi- 
um.  ccspitosum  (Stockbridge,  Mass.  w.  M.  U-} 

16—5.    EROD1UM,  14.  73. 

ciconium  (stork-bill  geranium.)  dcutarium  (hemlock 
geranium.)  moschatum  (musk  geranium.) 

5—2.    ERYNGIUM,  45.  60. 
oralifolium  (sea-holly.)    virginianum. 

15—- 2.    ERYSIMUM,  39.  63. 

officinale  (hedge-mustard,  y.  J.  0.)siliques  close-press- 
ed to  the  rachis  of  the  spike :  leaves  runcinate.  barbarea 
(water  radish.) 

6—1.    ERYTHRONIUM,    11.  14. 

dens-canis  (dog  tooth  violet,  adder's  tongue,  y.  Ap.  2/.) 
leaves  ohlong-ovate,  glabrous,  spotted.  Scape  4  to  8 
inches  high. 

11—3.  ESULA,  38.  96. 

lathyrus  (spurge  caper.  E.  J.  $  .)  umbel  4-clet't,  dicho- 
tomons  :  leaves  opposite,  entire,  lanceolate,  pointing  four 
ways,  peplns  (wild  caper.)  mercurialina*  corollata. 

18—1.    ETHULIA.  49.  55. 
uniftora  (floating  daisy.) 

5—1.    EUONYMUS,  43.  95. 

atropurpureus  (spindle-tree.)  americanus  (burning 
bush. 

18—2.    EUPATORIUM,  49.  55. 

1.  Calyxes  not  more  than  5-Jlowered. 
hyssopifolinm  (hyssop-thoroughwort.)  sessilifolium. 
iruncutum.  album,  lanceolatnm*  trifoliatum.  teucrifo- 
lium.  melissoides.  rotundifolinm.  pubescens.  altissimmn. 
amoenum.  ceanothi folium,  gracite  (sltnder  thorough- 
"worU)  laevigatum  (smooth  hempweed.) 

2.  Calyxes  more  than  Showered, 
purpureum  (purple  thoroughwort,  or  joe-pye.p.  AU»  !(•) 


POT  §7 

leaves  in  fours  or  fives,  petioled,  lance-ovate,  serrate,  ru- 
gose-veined, roughish :  stem  hollow,  maculatum.  punc- 
tatum-  verticillatum  (joe-pye's  weed.  p.  Au.  T/U)  leaves 
in  threes  or  fours,  lance-ovate,  wedge-form  at  the  hase, 
unequally  serrate,  somewhat  glabrous :  stem  solid, 
smooth,  perfdiatuin  (boneset,  thorough  wort.  w.  Au.  #•) 
leaves  connate-perfoliate.  codestinum.  ageratoides. 

11—3.    EUPHORBIA,  38.  96. 

Tiypericifolia  (spurge.)   maculata  (spotted  spurge.)  den~ 
tdtd.    polygonifolia.    ipecacuanhae.    portulacoides. 

14—2.    EUPHRASIA,  40.  35. 
qfficinalis  (eyebright.) 

£0—13.    FAGUS,  50.  99. 

ftrruginea  (beech,   y-w.  J.    \i .)  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  coarsely  toothed. 

3—1.    FEDIA,  48.  56. 
olitoria  (lamb  lettuce.)    radiata  (wild  lamb-lettuce.) 

5—2.     FERULA,  45.  60. 
canadensis  (giant  fennel.) 

3—2.    FESTUCA,  4.  10. 

elatior  (fescue-grass.)    poaeoidcs.    Jluitdns  (water-fes- 
cue.)   niitans.    clandestina.    teneUa.    duriuseula*   rubra~ 

21—3.    FICUS,  53.  98. 
carica  (fig  tree.) 

6—1,    FLOERKEA,  15.  22. 
uliginosa  (false  mermaid.) 

20—1.    FLU VI ALTS,  15.  6. 
fragilis  (river-nymph.)   flexilis. 

22—2.     FONTINALIS,  56.  4. 
capiUacea.  antipyretica,  stem  branched,  3-sided  :  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  keel-form,  nerveless,  3-rowed ;  sheath* 
leaves  obtuse  :  lid  awlform. 

23—5.    FOTHERGILLA,  50*  99, 
fdnifolia  (fothergilPs  bush.) 

I 


93  F  U  L 

13—13.    FRAGARIA,  35.  92. 

vesca  (English  strawberry.  E.  w.  M.  ZX.)  calyx  of  the 
fruit  reflexed  :  hairs  on  the  petioles  spreading,  on  the 
peduncles  close-pressed,  elatior  (hautboy-strawberry. 
E.  w.  l£.)  calyx  of  the  fruit  reflexed  :  hairs  on  the  pe- 
duncle and  petiole  spreading,  grandiflora  (pineapple- 
strawberry.)  virginiana  (wild-strawberry,  w.  M  1£.) 
calyx  of  the  fruit  spreading  :  hairs  on  the  petioles  erect, 
on  the  peduncles  close-pressed  :  leaves  somewhat  glab- 
rous above,  canadensis  (mountain-strawberry.) 

4—1.    FRASERA; 
caroliniensis  (pyramid  flower.) 

21—2.    FRAXINUS,  44.  37. 

acuminata  (white  ash.  w-g.  M.  T?.)  leafets  petioled, 
oblong,  shining,  acuminate,  very  entire,  glaucous  be- 
neath*: flowers  calycled.  juglandifolia  (walnut-leaf- ash, 
swamp  ash.)  pubescens  (black  ash,  red  ash.)  sambuci- 
folitt  (water  ash.)  cpiptera. 

6—1.    FR1TILLARIA,  10.  14. 

imperialis  (crown  imperial.  E.  r.  &  y.  M.  2^.)  flowers 
under  a  leafy  crown,  nodding  :  leaves  Jance-linear,  en- 
tire,   maleagris  (fritillary,  guinea-hen  flower.) 
22—4.     FUCUS,  57.  2. 

natans  (floating  seaweed)  filiform  compressed,  pin- 
nate :  leaves  oblona-lanceolate)  serrate:  vesicles  glob- 
ular, peduncled,  scattered,  on  flat  dilated  peduncles,  ves- 
iculosus  (bubble-seaweed')  linear  forked,  entire  ;  with 
globular,  innate  and  axillary  vesicles,  cloven  at  the  tips  ; 
barren  ones  flat,  fertile  ones  tumid,  edulis  (worm  sea- 
weed.) nodosus  (notty  seaweed)  somewhat  forked  : 
leaves  2-rowed,  peduncled,  roundish,  entire,  fertile : 
vesicles  innate,  solitary,  broader  than  the  frond. 
lis.  purpurasccns. 

8.  1.  FUCHSIA. 

inarylandica  (ear  drop.) 

13—1     FUIRENA,  3.  9. 

squamosa  (umbrella  grass.) 

£2.  6.  FUL1GO,  58.  1, 

septica  (soot  fungus,)  capitate 


GEN  39 

17—6.    FUMARIA,  24.  62. 
qfficinttlis  (fumitory.) 

22—2.    FUNARIA,  56.  4. 

hygrometica  (hygrometer  moss.)  leaves  ovate,   acute, 
concave,   entire,  inflected  :  capsules  swelling,   drooping. 
Jlavicans*  muhlenlergii. 

17—10.    GALACTIA,  32.  93. 
glabdla  (milk-way  plant.)    mollis* 

6—1.    GALANTHUS,  6.  17. 
ni-valis  (snow-drop  E.  w.  Ap.  i£.)  leaves  linear^  keel- 
ed, acute,  radical  :  scape  1 -flowered. 

17—10.     GALEGA,  32.  93. 

virginiana  (goat's  rue.  r.  J.  •#.)  erect,  having  whitish 
down  :  leafcts  (17  to  21)  oval-oblong. 

14—1.     GALEOrSIS,  42.  39. 
tetrahit  (flowering-nettle,  r.  &  w.  Ju.  @.)  calyx  prick, 
ly,  a  little  shorter  than  the  corol :  stem  rough-haired. 

4—1  GALIUM,  47.  57. 
1.  Fruit  glabrous. 

trijidum  (hedstraw,)  tinctorium  (dyer"s  cleavers.)  as- 
prdlum  (rough  bedstraw. 

2.  Fruit  hirsute. 

brachiatum.  boreale.  bermudianum^  micranthum.  cir- 
caezans  (wild  liquorice.)  triflorum.  aparine.  pilosum. 
sirictum. 

10—1.    G  AULTHERI  A,  18.51. 
procumbens  (spicy  wintergreen.   w.  J.  3/.  or  b  .)  stem 
procumbent ;  branches  erect :  leaves  obovate,  acute  at 
the  hase  :    flowers  few,  nodding.    Mspidula   (creeping 
wintergreen.) 

8—1.     GAURA,  17.  88. 
biennis  (Virginian  loosestrife.) 

17.— 10.     GENISTA,  32.  93. 
tinctoria  (dyer's  broom.) 


too  G  L  Y 

3—2.     GENTIANA,  20.  40. 

lutea  (yellow  gentian.)  pncumonanthe  (calatbian  violet.) 
saponaria  (soap-gentian,  b.  &  w.  S.  2/0  stem  terete,  gla- 
brous :  leaves  lance-oblong  S-nerved  :  flowers  sessile, 
fascicled,  terminal  and  axillary,  ochroleuca.  linearis. 
quinqueflora.  angustifolia.  crinita  (fringed  gentian.) 

16—10.     GERANIUM,  14.  73. 

sanguineum  (bloody  geranium.)  maculatum  (crowfoot 
geranium.)  r.  &  b.  J.  if.)  erect:  pubesence  reversed: 
stem  dichetomous  :  leaves  opposite,  3  or  5-parted,  upper* 
ones  sessile  :  peduncles  2-flowered  :  petals  obovate.  coL^ 
wnliiniim.  pusitlum.  robertiamim  (herbrobert.  r.  J.  $  .) 
spread,  hirsute  :  leaves  opposite,  ternate  and  qubiate, 
3-clcft-pinnatiiid.  dissectum. 

14—2.     GERARDIA,  40.  40* 

flava  (false  foxglove,  y.  Ju.  y.)  pubescent :  stem  simple : 
leaves  subsessile,  lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed  ;  lower 
ones  subpinnatifidj,  gashed  :  flowers  axillary,  opposite,, 
subsessile, .2  or  3  feet  high,  glauca  (oak-leaf  foxglove.) 
pedicularia  (lousewort  foxglove.)  purpurea.  crinita.  tti*- 
riculata.  tcnuifolia*  sctacea. 

12—13.     GEUM,  35..  92. 

virginfanum  (avens.)  strictum  (upright  avens.)  agrL 
monoides.  genicnlatum.  rivale  (purple  avens.  p.  M.  # .) 
pubescent  :  stem  simple  :  radical  leaves  interruptedly 
pinnate;  cauline  ones  S^clet't  :  flowers  nodding  ;  petals, 
of  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  awns  plumose,  nakedish 
above,  a  little  booked,  album,  peckii. 

5—1.     GLAUX,  17.  91. 
maritiinu  (sea  milkwort.) 

14—1.     GLECHOMA,  42.  39. 
hederacea  (ground  ivy.  gilt  overground,  b.  &  r.  M.  y.) 
leaves  reniform,  crenate  :  stem  rooting,     cordata. 

21—13.     GLEDITSCHIA,  33.  93* 
Iriacantha  Choney -locust.) 

17—10,     GLYCINE,  32.  93. 

monoica  (wild  bean.)  angulosa.  comosa  (slender  bean- 
vine.)  apios  (ground-nut,  b.  &p.  An.  2/.)  twining,  gla- 
brous :  root  tuberous  :  leaves  unequally  pinnate. 


H  E  I>  10* 

17—10.     GLYCIRRHIZA,  32.' '93. 
effidnalis  (liquorice.) 

18—2.  GNAPHALIUM,  49.  55. 
margatitaceum  (large-flowered  life-everlasting,  polyce- 
phalum  (sweet-scented  life-everlasting,  luteo-album.  plan- 
tagineum  (early  life-everlasting.)  dioicumCmousear.)  pur- 
pureuin.  americanum.  uliginosum  (mud  life-everlasting.) 
germanicum.  syl-vaticum. 

5—1,     GOMPHRENA,  54.  30. 
globosa  (globe  amaranth,  bachelor's  button.) 

16—13.     GORDON! A.  37.  74. 
lasianihus  (lolly  bay.) 

16—13.     GOSSYPIUM,  37.  74. 
herbaceum  (cotton.) 

2—1.     GRATIOLA,  40.  40. 

officlnalis  (hedge  hyssop,  y.  J.  It .)  leaves  broad-lineai'f 
sessile,  entire,  3-nerved,  punctate  above,  virginica 
(creeping  hedge-hyssop.)  acuminata.  pubescens. 

22—5.     GRTMMIA,  56.  4. 

eontroversa  (awl-cap  moss.)     alpicola. 

22—2.  GYMNOSTOMUM,  56.  2. 
pyriforme  (tootliiess  moss.)    prorepens.   Jiliforme. 

22—5.     GYROPHORA,  57.  2. 
velka  (morocco  leather.)  papnlosa  (shoe  leather.)   pel- 
lita,  a  leathery  membrane,  smooth  and  copper-brown 
above,  black  and  hairy  beneath. 

4—2.    HAMAMELIS,  54.  78. 
virginica  (witch-hazel*  y.  Oc.  ^i .)  leaves  obovate,  acute, 
toothed,  cordate  with  a  small  sinus.     Flowers  in  the  fall 
and  perfects  the  fruit  the  next  summer. 

21—5.    HAMILTONIA. 
oleifera  (oil  nut.) 

14—1.    HEDEOMA,  42.  39. 
ynkgioidcs  (penny-royal,  b.  J.   @.)  pubescent;  leaves 
I  2 


102  JH£M 

oblong>  -serrate  i  peduncles  axillary,  whorled  :  lower  lip 
of  the  calyx  with  2  ciliate  bristles.    5  or  6  inches  high., 


5—1.  HEDERA,  46.  58. 
helix  (english  ivy.) 

17—10.  HEDYSARUM,  32.  93. 
canadense  (hush  trefoil  r  Ju.  .'.  .)  erect,  smootliish  : 
leaves  ternate,  lance-oblong  :  stipules  filiform-  :  flowers 
.racemed  :  joints  of  the  loment  obtusely-triangled,  hispid. 
canescens.  m'irilandicmn.  obtusum.  "viridiflorum'  gla- 
bellum.  ciliare.  paniculatiim.  rotundifolium.  bracteo- 
sum.  cuspidatum.  glutinosum,  nudiflorum.  acumina- 
tum.  repens.  prostratum,  strictum.' 

18—2.    HELENIUM,  49.  55. 
autumnale  (false  sunflower,  y.  Oc.  If  .)  leaves  lanceolate, 
serrate,  subdecurrent. 

18—3.    HEUANTHUS,  49.  55. 

anniius  (common  sunflower.)  pubescens.  airorubens. 
fruchelifolins.  dw(lric(i£us.  frondosus.  multtflorus.  ma- 
crophyllus.  tuberosus  (Jerusalem  artichoke.  E.  y.  S.  11  .) 
leaves  3-nerved,  scabrous,  lower  ones  heart-ovate,  upper 
ones  ovate,  acuminate  ;  petioles  ciliate.  Root  tuberous. 
strumosus.  altissimus.  giganteus.  decapetalus.  mollis.* 
angustifolius, 

18—2.    HELIOPSISy  49.  55. 
lacvis  (ox-eye.) 

5—1.    HELIOTROPIUM,  41.  42. 
indicum  (turnsole.) 

13—13.    HELLEBORUS,  26.  61. 
foetidus  (hellebore.) 

6—3.     HELONIAS,  10.  13. 
latifolia  (helonias,)    erythrosperma.    dioica. 

22—6.    HELVELLA,  58.  1. 
fuliginosa  (smoky  fungus.)    mitra. 

6—1.    HEMEROOALLIS,  10.  17. 
flava  (yellow  day4ily.  E.  y.  J  u,  34  >)  leaves  broad  -linear^ 


HIP  103 

keeled:  petals  flat,  acute ;  nerves  of  the  petals  undivided. 
fulva  (tawny  day-lily.  E.  y.  Ju.  2/ .)  nerves  of  the  outer 
petals  branching. 

13—13.     HEPATICA,  26.  61. 

triloba  (liverleaf.  w.  &b.  Ap.  l£.)  leaves  3-lobed,  entire, 
obtuse  :  calyx  leaves  broad-ovate,  obtuse,    Var.  acuta, 
leaves  3  to  5-lobed,  acute  :  calyx  leaves  acute. 
5—2.    HERACLEUM,  45.  60. 

lanatum  (vv.Ju.  if.)  petioles  and  nerves  of  the  leaves 
very  villose  beneath  :  leafets  petioled,  broad,  round-cor- 
date, subpalmate-lobed  :  seed  orbicular. 

15—2.     HESPEUIS,  39.  63. 

tristis  (yellow  rocket.)  maironalis  (garden  rocket^ 
dame  violet.  E.  IT.)  stem  simple,  erect  :  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  denticulate  :  petals  em argin ate,  mucronate.  Var, 
hortensis,  flowers  double,  odoriferous,  white,  pinnatifida 
(wild  rocket.) 

S—l.  HETERANTHERA,  6.  IS. 

reniJormiS)  (odd-shives.) 

5—2.    HEUCHERA,  13.  84. 

viscida  (allum  root.)    pubescens. 

16—13.    HIBISCUS,  37.  74. 

moscheutus  (marsh  mallow.)  palustris  (marsh  hibiscus.) 
riparius.  syriacus  (syrian  mallow.  E.  w.  &  p.  Au-  h  •} 
leaves  wedge-ovate,  3-lobed,  toothed  :  outer  calyx  about 
8 -leaved,  of  the  length  of  the  inner  :  stem  woody,  escu- 
lentus  (okra.)  virginicus  (sweet  weed.)  trionum  (blad- 
der ketmia,  flower  of  an  hour.  E.  0 .)  outer  calyx  many- 
leaved,  inner  one  inflated. 

18—1.    HIERACIUM,  49.  53. 

aurantiacum  (orange  hawkweed.)  venosum  (vein-leaf 
hawkweed.  y.  Ju.  1|.)  scape  naked,  corymb-panicled, 
glabrous  ;  pedicels  filiform  :  leaves  lance-obovate  with 
thin  hairs  above  and  naked  beneath,  margin  ciliate,  glan- 
dular-toothed, veins  coloured  :  calyx  glabrous,  gronovii. 
paniQidatum.  marianum.  kalmii.  -virgatum.  scabrum, 

21—4.    HIPPOPHAE,  16.  24* 
canadensis  (sea  buckthorn.) 


H  Y  B 

1—1.    HIPPURIS,  15.  6S 
vulgaris  (mares  tail.) 

3—2.     HOLCUS,  4.  10. 
falnatns  (soft  grass.)    odoratus.    monticola. 
3—3.     HOLOSTEUM,  22,  83. 
succidentiim  (succulent  duckweed.) 

3—2.     HORDEUM,  4.  10. 

vulgar e  (barley.  E,  Jn.  0.)  florets  all  perfect,  awned  -5, 
In  two  erect  rows,  jubatuin. 

10—3.    MORTEN  SI  A,  13.  85. 
spedosd  (changeable  hydrangea,  r.  £  w.  J.  ^  .)  leaves 
"broadly  ovate,  serrate,  accumulate :  flowers  corymbed. 
From  the  East  Indies.    This  is  the  common  flower-pot 
shrub,  asually  called  hyderindia. 

5—1.     tfOTONIA,  21.  34, 

palustris  (water  violet.) 

4—1.    HOUSTONIA,  47.  57. 

eoerulea  (Tenus^  pride,  b.  &  w.  M.  if.)  stem  erects- 
setaceous,  dichotomous :  radical  leaves  spatulate  ,•  cauline 
ones  oblanceolate,  opposite  :  peduncles  l-flowered  elon* 
gated,  purpurea*  Ivngifolia. 

11—1.     HUDSONIA,  18.  51. 
ericoides  (false  heath.) 

21—5.     HUMULUS,  53.  98. 

lupulus  (hop.  g-y.  Au.  II .)  stem  twiaing  with  the  sun; 
leaves lobed. 

6—1.     HYACINTHUS,  10.  16. 
orientalis  (garden  hyacinth.  E.  r.  Ap.  U  .)corol  funnel- 
form,  half>6-clefl(:,  ventricose  at  the  base,    muscarl  (musk 
hyacinth.  E»  b.  Ap.  u .)  corols  ovate,  all  equal,    botryoides 
(grape  hyacinth.)    eomosus  (purple  grape  hyacinth.) 

22—6.    HYDNUM,  58.  1. 

imbricatuw  (prickly  fungus)  on  a  stem,  imbricate,  con*- 
vex,  red-brown  with  darker  scales  :  stem  pale-brown  or 
brownish-white,  coralloides,  chrysorhizum  (paper  punk.) 


HYP 

10—2.    HYDRANGEA,  13.  35. 
vulgar  is  (hydrangea.)    nivea. 

13—13.     HYDRASTIS,  26.  61. 
eanadensis  (orange  root.) 

5—2.    HYDROCOTYLE,  45.  60. 

umldlata  (water  navelwort)  americana.  vulgari& 
Sipinnata  (bulbous  pennywort.) 

13—13.    HYDROPELTIS,  26.  61. 

purpurea  (  water  shiekls«  p.  Au.  If.)  loaves  peltate^  oval> 
entire. 

5—1.    HYDROPHYLLUM,  41.  42. 
appendiculatum  (waterleaf.)    "virginicum  (burr-flower. 
b.  J.  y .)  glabrous  :  leaves  pinnate  and  pinnatifid.    can- 

adense. 

5—1.    HYOSCYAMUS,  28.  41. 
niger  (henbane.  E.  Ju.  S  .)  leaves  clasping  sinuate; 
flowers  veiny,  sessile. 

18—1.    HYOSERIS,  49.  53. 

amplexicaulis. 

13—5.     IIYPERICUM,  20.  68. 

1.  Flowers  with  5  styles. 

ascyroidcs  (St.  John's  wort.)  pyr ami datum,  datum! 
prolificum* 

2.  Flowers  with  3  styles. 

angidosiim.  canadense  (Ju.  0.)  erect,  small  flowers  : 
stem  4 -sided,  dichotomoue  above,  "cirginicum-  parvifio- 
rum.  (false  century.)  corymbosum.  perforatum  (y.  J. 
U .)  erect,  branching  :  stem  2  -edged  :  leaves  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, transparently  punctate* 

22—2.     HYPNUM,  56.  4. 

denticutatum  {sleeping  moss,)  leaves  ovate,  pointed, 
nerveless,  entire,  close  :  capsule  oblong,  lid  conic,  seta- 
ceumen.  triqiidrum.  serpens.  illecebrum.  cuspidatuni. 
stdlatum.  squarrosum.  cupressiforme.  compressifonft, 
-wolluscum* 


106  I  R  I 

6—1.    HYPOXIS,  10.  17. 

erecta  (star-  grass,  y.  Ju.  y  .)  pilose  :  scape  2  or  3-flow- 
ered  :  leaves  lance-linear.  graminea. 

14—1.     HYSSOPUS,  42.  59. 

qfftcinalis  (liyssop.  E.  Ju.  y.)  flowers  whorled,  racemes 
one-way  :  leaves  lance-linear,  nepetoides  (giant  hyssop* 
scrophularifoliiis* 

15—1.    IBERIS,  39.  63, 
umbellata  (candy  tuft.) 

4—4.     ILEX,  43.  95. 

canadensis  (mountain  holly,  g-y.  M.  h  .)  leaves  ovate* 
entire  or  a  little  serrate  at  the  apex,  glabrous,  opaca 
(evergreen  holly.)  laxiflora. 

5—1.    ILLECEBRUM. 
capitatum  (head  knotgrass  ) 

5—1.     IMPATIENS,  £4.  73. 

balsamina  (balsam  weed.  E.  y.  Au.  &.)  peduncles  1- 
flowered  :  leaves  lanceolate,  nolitangere  (jewel-weed, 
touch-me-not,  y.  Ju.  0.)  peduncles  many  flowered,  leaves 
ovate,  biftora  (speckeled  jewels.) 

5—  2.    IMPERATORIA,  45.  60. 
vstruthium  (masterwort.) 

17—10.    INDIGOFERA,  32.  93. 
tinctoria  (indigo.) 

18—2.    INULA,  49.  55. 

helenium  (elecampane,  y.  Au.  y.)  leaves  clasping,  ovate, 
rugose,  tomentose  beneath  :  spales  of  the  calyx  ovate. 
falcata.  mariana.  argentea. 

5—1.     IPOMAEA,  29.  43. 

quamoclit  (jasmine  bindweed.)  coccinea.  lacunosa.  bo- 
na-nox.  nil  (morning-glory,  b.  Ju.  ®.)  hirsute:  leaves 
ventricose  3-lobed  :  peduncles  short,  1  or  2-flowered  : 
bracts  subulate  :  calyx  very  villose,  long-acuminate.  pur» 


3—1.    IRIS,  6.  18. 
pumUa  (dwarf  flower-  de-luce.  E,  b.  M.  y.)  bearded  * 


J  U  N  107 

scape  1 -flowered  :  leaves  ensiform,  glabrous  :  tube  of  the 
corol  exsert :  petals  oblong  obtuse,  prismatiea.  plicata 
(garden  iris.)  cristata  (ladies'  flag.)  -virginica  (wild 
flag,  wild  iris.)  gracilis  (Boston  iris.)  ochroleuca  (yel- 
low iris.)  verna.  versicolor. 

14—1.    ISANTHUS,  42.  39. 

coeruleus  (blue  gentian,  b.  Ju.  0.)  viscid-hairy  :  leaves 
lance-oval. 

15—1.    ISAT1S,  39.  63. 

tinctoria  (vvoad.) 

22—5.     ISID1UM,  57.  2. 
dactylinus  (corol  lichen.)    coralloides. 

4—1.    ISNARDIA,  17.  91. 

palnstris  (water  purslane,  g.  J.  U .)  leaves  ovate,  en- 
tire :  flowers  auxiliary. 

5—1.     ITEA,  18.  50. 

'virginica. 

18—4.     IVA,  49.  55. 

frutescens  (big-water  sbrub.) 

3—3.    1XIA,  6.  18. 
chinensis. 

2—1.    JASMINUM,  44.  37. 

fruticans  (jasmine.)  officinale. 

8—1.  JEFFERSONIA. 
diphylla  (twin  leaf.) 

20—13.  JUGLANS,  50.  94. 

regia  (madeira  nut.)  nigra  (black  walnut.)  cinerea 
(butternut,  M.  h  •)  leafets  numerous,  lanceolate,  serrate, 
rounded  at  the  base,  soft  pubescence  beneath,  sulcata* 
sqnnrrosa  (shag  walnut,  shag-hickory.)  tomentosa  (white- 
heart  hickory.)  amara  (bitter  nut.)  porcina  (pig-nut.) 

6—1.    JUNCUS,  5.  13. 

effksus  (rush  grass.)  acutns.  setaceus.  squarrosus. 
maigi,natus  nodosus.  polycephalus-  sylvaticus.  Jluitans 
(floating  reed-grass.)  acuminatns.  bulbosns.  tennis, 
lu/onius.  spicatus.  pilosus.  campestris.  inelanocarpu's. 


108  LAM 

22—3.    JUNGERMANNIA,  57.  3. 

Udentati.  furcata.  tridenticulata.  platyphylla.  ne- 
morosa.  dttaiata.  orbicnlaris.  compianttta.  tamarisci- 
folia.  tomentetta.  pusilla.  epiphylla,  leafet  on  the  frond. 
jpinguis. 

21—16.    JUNIPERUS,  51.  100. 

sabina  (savin.)  prostrala  (American  savin.)  virginiaw 
{red  cedar.)  commuiiis  (juniper.) 

2—1.    JUSTICIA,  40.  36. 
adhatoda  (malalar  nut.) 

10—1.    KALMIA,  18.  50. 

latifolia  (laurel,  r.  Ju.  h  •)  leaves  long-petioled,  scatter- 
ed and  in  threes,  oval,  smooth  both  sides  :  corymbs  ter- 
minal, with  viscid  hairs,  angustifolia  (sheep  laurel.) 
glauca  (swamp  laurel.) 

18—1.     KRIGIA,  49.  53. 

•virginica  (dwarf-dandelion,  y.  M.  Q.)  small  :  leaves 
lyrate,  glaucous,  smoothish,  ciliate  :  scape  1-flowereclj 
twice  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

18—1.    KUHNIA,  49.  55. 

cupatorioides  (false  boneset.)     critonia. 

3—1.    KYLLINGIA,  3.  9. 

monocepliala  (false  bog-i'ush.) 

18—1.  LACTUCA,  49.  63. 

sativa  (lettuce.  E.  y.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  roundish ;  cauline 
ones  cordate  :  stem  corymbed  Var.  romana  has  oblong 
strait  leaves,  narrowed  at  the  base  Var.  crispa  has  sin- 
nate-cren ate  leaves,  toothed,  undulated,  crisped  ;  radical 
ones  hairy  on  the  keel.  Var.  laciniata  has  the  lower 
leaves  pinnatifid  and  the  upper  ones  runcinate.  elongata 
(wild  lettuce.) 

,  14—1.    LAMIUM,  42.  39. 

garganicum  (dead  nettle.)    purpureum.    amplexicauU 
(henbit,  dead-nettle,  p.  M.  @.)  floral  leaves  sessile,  clasjv 
gashed  ;  radical  leaves  lobcd. 


LEO  109 

21—6.    LAPATHUM,  12.  2§. 
acctosellum  (field  sorrel,  g.  &  p.  M.  if..)  leaves  lance- 
liastate,  auricled;  entire,    ncetosum  (garden  sorrel.) 
17—10.    LATHYRUS,  32.  93. 

sta-pidaceiis  (wild  vctchling.)  palnstris.  myrtifolius. 
venosus.  odoratus  (sweet  pea.  E.  3.  0 .)  peduncles  2-flow- 
ered :  tendril  with  2  ovate-oblong  leafets  :  legumes  hir- 
sute, cicera  (E.  p.  Ju.)  latifolius  (everlasting-pea.) 
dymenum  (various  pea.)  articulatus  (jointed  pea.)  sati- 
•vns  (chick-vetch.) 

9—1.     LAURUS,    12.  27. 

camphoratus  (camphor-tree.)  benzoin  (spice-bush,  fe- 
ver-bush.) sassafras  (sassafras  tree.  y.  M.  lj .)  leaves 
entire  and  lobed  on  the  same  plant. 

14—1.    LAVANDULA,  42.  39. 
spica  (lavender.  E.  Au.  if.)  leaves  sessile,  lance-linear, 
with  re  volute  margins  :  spike  interruptedly  naked,    car- 
nosa  (E.Ju.  w.  2£.j 

16—13.    LAV  ATE  RA,  37.  74. 
thuringiaca  (gay  mallows,  E.  HI.)  lower  leaves  angled; 
upper  ones  3-Iobed,  with  the  middle  one  longest,    arborett 
(tree  mallows  ) 

3—3.     LECHEA,  22.  82. 

major  (pin-weed.)  minor,  racenndosa.  incana.  mus- 
corum.  immersa.  sabulaetorum.  alba,  icmadophilus. 
pensijlvanicus. 

10—1.    LEDUM,  18.  50. 

palustre  (marsh-tea.)    latifolium  (labrador-tea.) 

3—2.     LEERS1A,  4.  10. 
lenticularis  (white  grass.)    virgimca  (cut  grass.) 

10—1.    LEIOPHYLLUM,  18.  50. 

thymifolium  (sleek-leaf.) 

20—2.     LEMNA,  54,  6. 

trisidca  (duck  meat.)  minor  (green  duck  meat.)  poly- 
rhiza  (water  flaxseed.) 

18—1.    LEONTODON,  49.  53. 
taraxacum  (dandelion,  y.  Ap.  u  0  outer  calyx  reflexed i: 
K. 


11®  L  I  M 

scape  1 -flowered :  leaves  runcinate,   with  toothed   divi. 
sions. 

14—1.    LEONURUS,  42.  39. 

cardiaca  (motherwort.  w-r.  Ju.  1C.)  leaves  3-lobcd, 
toothed,  bases  wedge-form  :  calyx  prickly,  less  than  the 
corol. 

15—1.    LEP1DIUM,  39.  63. 

sativum  (peppergrass.)    virginicum  (wild  peppergrass.) 

22—5.     LEPRARIA,   57.  2. 
incana.    botryoides.   Jlava. 

3—1.    LEPTANTIIUS,  6.  13. 
graminea  (floating  grass-weed.) 

22—2.     LESKEA,  56.  4. 
squarrosa.    attcnuata.    rostrata. 

17—10.    LESPEDEZA,  32.  93. 
sessiliflora  (bush  clover.)    violacca.    proannbens.    Ca- 
pitata.    polystachia. 

13—1.     LIATRIS.  49.  54. 

spicaia  (gay  feather.)  scariosa.  squarrosa.  pllosa, 
aspera. 

5—2.     LIGUSTICUM,  45.  60. 

lemsticum  (lovagc,  smellage.  E.  w.  H.)  leaves  long,  nu- 
merous ;  Icafets  above  gashed.  Strong  scented. 

2—1.    LIGUSTRUM,  44.  37. 
vulgare  (prim.) 

6—1.    LILIUM,  10.  14. 

candidvm  (white  lily.^i  catesbaei-  superbum (superb  lily.) 
canadens.e  (nodding  lily.)  philadelphicum  Tred  lily.  r.  y. 
J.  "^ .)  leaves  vvhorled,  lance-linear:  stem  about  2. flow- 
ered  :  coi-o]  erect,,  bell  form,  spreading,  pcnnsylvanicum. 
bulbijcrum  (E.  Ju.  y.  r.  U  ) 

3—1.    LIMNETIS,  3.  9. 

juncea  (rush  alt  grass.)  polystachia  (many -spiked 
saltgrass.)  g(>  bra. 

19—1.   L1MODORUM,  7.  21. 
wiifolium  (limodore.) 


L  U  D  111 

15—2.     UMOSELLA,  40.  40. 

subulata  (mud wort.) 

2—1.     LINDERNIA,  40. 
attemiata  (linderri.)     dilatata. 

4—1.     LINNAEA,  48.  58. 

lorealis  (twin-flower,  w-r.  J.  l|L.)  stem  prostrate  : 
branches  erect,  each  bearing  2  flowers  :  leaves  roundish, 
crenate  forward. 

5—5.     LINUM,  14.  73. 

usitatissimum  (flax.  E.  h,  Ju.  ©.)  leafets  of  the  calyx 
ovate,  acute,  3-ncrved  :  petals  crenate:  leaves  lanceolate. 
virginianum  (wild  flax.)  perenne  (garden  flax.) 

20—13.     LIQUIDAMBAR,  51.  99. 

styracrflua  (sweet  gum.) 

13—13.    LIRIODENDRON,  52.  75. 
tuUpifera  (white  wood,  tulip  tree.  y.  r.  J.  k  0  leaves 
truncate  at  the  end,  with  2  side  lohes. 

5—1.    LITHOSPERMUM,  41.  42. 
offiemale  (stone  seed,  gromwell.)    latifolium,    arvense 
(steen-prout,  wheat-thief,  w.  M.  0.)  seed  rugose  :  corol 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  :  leaves  obtuse,  vcinless. 

5—1.     LOBELIA,  29.  52. 

cardinulis  (cardinal  flower.)  kalmii.  pallidi.  dort- 
mannia.  siphilitica.  iiiflata  (wild  tobacco,  b.  Ju.  0.) 
erect,  branching,  very  hirsute  :  leaves  ovate,  serrate  : 
racemes  leafy  :  capsules  inflated,  puberuki.  daytoniana. 

5—2.     LOLIUM,  4.  10. 
perenne  (darnel  grass.)     tumnlentum. 

5—1.     LOMCERA,  48.  58. 

caprifolinm  (honeysuckle.  E.  ^  .)  corols  ringent-like, 
terminal,  sessile:  leaves  connate-perfoliate  at  the  top. 
periclymenum  (woodbine.)  fraseri.  grata,  parciflora. 
sempervirens.  hirsuta  (rough  woodbine.) 

4—1.    LtDWIGIA,  17.  88, 

altcrnifolia  (seed-box.)    pilosa. 


J12  L  Y  G 

15—1.    LUNARIA,  89.  63. 
annua  (honesty.)    rediviva  (satin  flower.) 

17—10.     LUPINUS,  32.  93. 

perennis  (wild  lupine,  b.  M.  if.)  stem  and  leaves  smootti- 
Ish  :  leaves  digitate  with  about  8  or  10  leafets,  which 
are  oblanceolate,  obtusish  :  calyxes  alternate  notappen- 
daged.  Mrsutus  (garden  lupine.)  pilosus  (rose  lupine.) 
iuteus  (yellow  lupine.)  villosus  (hairy  lupine.)  albits 
(white  lupine.) 

10—5.     LYCHNIS,  22.  82. 

chnlcedonica  (scarlet  lichriis.)  viscaria  (clammy  lick- 
nis.)  JioS'Cuctdi  (ragged  robin.) 

5  or  4—1.     LYCIUM,  28.  41. 

barbarum  (matrimony.  E.  r.  J.  y.  bO  stem  angled  ; 
branches  erect :  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends. 
caroliniana  (samphire  buckthorn.) 

22—6.    LYCOPERDON,  58.  1. 

bovista  (comrnou  puff-ball.  O.)  at  first  white,  becoming 
black  and  spherical  :  outer  coat  downy,  which  pealing  off 
leaves  the  leathery  inner  coat :  seeds"  black,  lighter  than 
air,  and  appearing  like  smoke,  stellatum  (starpuflT-ball) 
wrapper  many-cleft,  spread,  stellate  :  head  smooth  with 
somewhat  pointed  mouth  at  the  top.  pyriforme.  pratense. 

22—1.     LYCOPODIUM,   55.  5. 

clavatum  (festoon  pine.)  cowplanatnm  (ground  pine.) 
dendroideum  (tree-weed.)  annotmum.  inundatum.  alop- 
ecuroides.  selaginoides.  rupestre  (dwarf  festoon  pine.) 
albidulum.  apodum.  lucidulum  (moon-fruit  pine.) 

2—1.     LYCOPUS,  42.  39. 

europaeus  (water-horehound.)    "virginicus*  (bugle,  w. 
J.  U.}  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  serrate,  at  the  base  nar- 
rowed and  entire  :  calyx  very  short,  spineless. 
cifolius,  leaves  sinuate-pinnatifid.    uniflorus. 

22—1.     LYGODIUM,  55,  5. 
palmatum  (climbing  fern.) 

*  A  writer  in  a  New-Haven  paper  recommends  tkie  plant  as  an  iri« 
fallible  cure  for  bleeding-  at  the  lungs. 


MAR  113 

5—1.    LYSIMACHIA,  20.  34. 
angusti folia  (loosestrife.)    racemosa.    capitata.    quad- 
rifolia.    ciliata.    hybrida. 

11—1.    LYTHRUM,  IT.  91. 

salicaria  (niilk-willowherb.)  verticillatum  (swamp- 
\viilowherb.  p.  An.  IT.)  pubescent  :  leaves  opposite,  or  in 
threes,  lanceolate,  petioled. 

13—13.     MAGNOLIA,  52.  75. 
glauca  (beaver  tree.)     acumiw.da  (cucumber  tree.)  tri- 
petalu.  (umbrella  tree.)    grandiflora  (big  laurel,  magno- 
lia. 

9—1.     MALAXES,  7.  21. 

ophioglossoides  (adder  mouth.)  liliijolia  (tvvayblade.  w. 
y.  p.  J.  4.)  leaves  2,  lance-ovate  or  oval ;  scape  3-corn- 
ered  :  inner  petals  filiform,  reflexed,  two  coloured  j  lip 
concave,  obo\ace,  niucronatc. 

16—13.     MALTA,  37.  74. 

americana  (rough  mallows,)  carotiniana  (creeping  mal- 
lows.) rptundifolict  (low  mallows,  r.  w.  J.  ii.)  leaves 
heart-orbicular,  obsolete! y  5-lobcd,  peduncles  bearing  the 
fruit  declined  :  stem  prostrate,  sylvestris  (mallows.)  cris- 
pa  (curled  mallows.)  moschata  (musk  mallows.) 

22—2.  MARCUANTIA,  57.  3. 
polymorpha  (brook-liverwort,  g-y.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  ob- 
tusely lobed  :  the  calyx  (or  umbrella  under  which  the 
flowers  are  placed)  is  about  10-cIoft-  hemisphcrica9  calyx 
hemispheric,  5-cleft  :  stalk  or  stipe  naked  at  the  base. 
cruciate,  cornica*  tenellci. 

13—1.     MARTSCUS,  3.  9. 
echiuatits  hedgehog  clubrush.) 

14—1.     MARRUBIUM,  42.  39. 
isnlgare  (mothcrwort/ w.  Ju.  -y.)  leaves  round  ovate, 
toothed,  rugose-veined  :  calyx  tootiied,  setaceous,  unci- 
nate. 

14—2.    MARTYNIA,  40.  42. 
proboscidea  (unicorn  plant. 

k-V 


114  MEL 

22—2.    MASCH1LO  CARPUS,  56.  4. 
julaceum  (creeping  moss.)    marginalum.       * 

18—2.     MATRICARIA,  49-  55. 
chamomilla.  (wild"  chamomile.) 

6—3.     MEDEOLA,  11.  12. 

•vifginica.  (indian  cucumber,  y.  g.  M.  2/0  leaves 
whorled  near  the  middle  of  the  Stem,  and  3  together  at 
the  top,  lance-oval. 

17—10.     MEDICAGO,  52.  93. 
saliva  (lucerne  medick.)    lupidina  (clover  medick.  y. 
J.  0.)  spikes  oval  :  legumes  reniform,  1 -seeded  :  stipules 
entire  :  leaves   obo v ate  :  stem   prorumbent.      trilndoides 
(hedge-hog.)  scutetlata  (snail-shell,  bee  hive,  E.  Jit.  0.) 
peduncles  about  2-flowered  :  legumes  unarmed,  coiled  in- 
an  orbicular  form,    maculala. 

22—2.     MEESIA,  5.6,  4.. 
longisela  (net-tooth  moss.) 

14—2.     MELAMPYRUM,  40.  35. 
americanum  (cow-wheat.)    taftfoliitm- 

6—3.     MELANTH1UM.  10.  13. 
virginicum  (black  flower.)    racemosum  (bunch  flower.) 

10—1.    MELASTOMA. 
jn-asina. 

10—1.    MELIA. 
azedarach  (bead  tree.)    Iriflora. 

3—1.    MELICA,  4,  10. 
speciosa  (inelic  grass,) 

17—10.    MELILOTUS,  32.  £3. 

officinalis  (melilot.  \v.  J.  0.  or  $  .)  stem  erect :  leaves 
obovate,  serrate  :  spikes  axillary  panicled. 
14—,!.     MELISSA,  42.  39. 

officinalis  (balm.  E.  w.  b.  Ju.  y.)  flowers  whorled  half 
way  around,  subsessile :  bracts  oblong,  pedicelled  :  leaves 
ovate,  acute,  serrate,  nepela  (calamint.) 

20—16.     MELOTHRIA,  34.  97. 

yciidula  (creeping  cucumber,  y.  J.  O.).  leaves  subrem> 


M  I  M  115 

form,  lobe-angled ;  terminal  lobe  equalling  the  rest :  ber- 
ry cytiitdric,  ovate. 

21—13.    MENISPERMUM,  It.  77. 

ca7iadense  (rneonseed,   \v-y.   Ju.    h  •)  stem  climbing  s 
leaves  subcordaie,  round-angled,  peltate,  with  the  petiole- 
bab-\    virginicum. 

14—1.     MENTHA,  42,  39. 

(spear  mint.  w.  J.  u .)  spikes  oblong  interrupt- 
ed :  leaves  lanceolate,  naked,  serrate,  sessile  :  stamens' 
longer  than  the  corol  piperita  (peppermint.)  grucilu 
(slender  mint.)  borealis  northern  mint.)  canadensis* 

5—1.     MENYANTHES,  21.  34. 
trifoliata  (buck-bean.) 

8—1.    MENZIES1A. 
coerulea  (mountain  heath.)    globularis. 

22—6.     MERULIUS,  58.  1. 

cormicopioides (veined  toadstool.)  infundibitiformis.  can- 
tliarellus,  yellow,  becoming  hollow,  with  an  irregular^ 
curled  margin  :  veins  decurrent  :  stem  solid. 

12—5.     MESEMBRYANTfiEMUM,  13.  87. 
crystattinum  (ice  plant.) 

12—5.    MESPILUS.  36.  92. 
gcrmanica  (medlar.)    pyracantha  (evergreen  thorn. 

18—1.     M1KAN1A,  49.  55. 
scandens  (climbing  thoroughwort.    melissaefolia. 
3—2.    MIL1UM,  4.  10. 

nigricans  (african  millet)    effusum  (common  millet.) 
ciliatiim  (millet  grass.) 

16—10.     MIMOSA,  33,  93. 
sensitive!  (sensitive  plant.) 

14—2.     M1MULUS,  40.  45. 

ringens  (monkey  flower,  b.  Ju.  1J..)  leaves  sessile,  lan- 
ceolate,   alatus  (d  Ju.  ^..)  leaves  petioled;  ovate. 


116  M  0  R 

5—1.     MIRABILIS,  54.  32. 

jalapa  (four  o'clock.  E.  r.  y.  Ju.  n  •)  flowers  heaped, 
pedunclcd :  leaves  glabrous. 

4—1.     MITCHELLA,  48.  57. 

repens  (partridge  berry,  checker  berry,  w.  J.)  stem 
creeping :  leaves  roundish. 

10—2.     MITELLA,  13.  84. 

diphylla  (currant-leaf,  w  Ap.  2/ .)  leaves  cordate,  sub- 
trilobate,  dentate  :  scape  2-leaved.  prostrata.  renifor- 
mis.  cordifolia. 

22—2.     MNIUM,  56.  4. 

•centricosum  (pricked-tooth  moss.)  cuspidatum,  pun-c- 
tatum.  roseum.  pyriforme. 

3—3.     MOLLTJGSO,  22.  82. 

rerticillata  (carpet  weed.  w.  Ju.  0.)  stem  subdivided 
prostrate  :  leaves  in  whorls,  wedge-form. 

14—1.     MOLUCELLA. 
laevis  (molucca  balm,  shell-flower.) 

20—16.     MOMORDICA,  34.  97. 
lalsamina  (balsam  apple.)    ecliinata  (w.  An.  ©.)  poma- 
ceous,  fruit  4  -seeded,  roundish  :  setose-echinate. 

2—1.     MONARDA,  42.  39. 

didymu  (mountain  mint.  r.  J.  if.)  somewhat  glabrous  : 
heads  large,  proliferous  :  outer  bracts  coloured,  large. 
kalmiam  (oswego  tea.)  clinopodia.  ciliata.  oblongata 
fatulosu.  ritgosa.  punctata.  pilosa. 

22—6.     MOISILA,  58.  1. 

caespitosa  (bead  fungus.)    Jiructigena, 
10—1.    MONOTROPA. 

hypopithys  (yellow  beech-drops.)  lamtginosa  (bird's 
nest.)  uwjlora  (beech  drops.)  prccera. 

22—6.     MClRELLUS,  58.  1. 
iwpndicus  (morel.)    esculentu*  (eatable  morel.) 


N  A  R  117 

20—4.     MORUS,  53.  98. 

rilba  (white  mulberry.  E.  M.  h  .)  leaves  heartform  with 
oblique  base,  nigra  (black  mulberry.)  rubra. 

22—6.     MUCOR,  58.  1. 

mncedo  (common  mold,)  aggregated  :  head  spherical, 
»n  a  long  stem  ;  bursting  when  brought  from  a  damp 
place  into  the  sun's  rays,  herbariorum. 

3—2.     MUHLENBERG1A,  4.   10. 

dijfiisa  (dropsced-grass )  erccta  (wood  drops  ecd-grass. 
Ju.  ^Oculm  strong,  simple  ;  culm  and  leaves  pubescent.) 

15—1.     MYAGRUM,  39.  63. 
perfoliatum  (gold  of  pleasure.) 

5—1.     MYOSOTIS,  41.  42. 

scorpioides  (scorpion  weed.)  virginiana-  arvensis. 
Idpptda. 

21—4.     MYRICA,  50.  99. 

gale  (sweet  gale.  M.  b  .)  leaves  wedge -lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, serrate  at  the  apex,  cerifera  (bayberry.  g-p.  M.  ^  .) 
leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  acute,  caroliniensis.  pensyi- 
•uanica. 

20—13.     MYRTOPHYLLUM,  15.  6. 
*uerticillatum  (water  milfoil.)    spicatum. 
5—2.  MYRRHIS,  45.  60. 

didcis  (swreet  cicily.  w.  J.  %.)  leaves  compound,  hairy  5 
leafets  pfnnatifid-lobed. 

12—1.     MYRTUS,  19.  89. 

communis  (myrtle.  E.  w.  Ju.  ^  .)  flowers  solitary  :  in- 
volucre 2-leaved  :  leaves  ovate. 

20—1.    NAJAS,  15.  6. 
canadensis  (water-nymph.) 

16—13.  NAPAEA,  37.  74. 
laevis  (false  mallows.)  scabra. 

6—1.  NARCISSUS,  9.  17. 
pseudo-narcissus  (daffodil.  E.  M.  y.)spathe  I -flower- 


US  N  Y  M 

ed  :  nectary  bcllform.    tazetta  (polynuthos.)    jonquilla 
(jonquil.)    poeticus  (poet's  narcissus,) 

6—1.    NARTHECIUM,  10.  1C. 
americanum  (false  asphodel.) 

22—2.     NEOKERA,  56.  4. 
pennata  (strait-haired  moss.)     hcteromaita. 

15—13.    NELUMBIUM,  26.  61. 
luteum  (uelumbo.) 

19—1.    NEOTTIA,  7.  21. 
aestiralis  (summer  ladies'  tresses,  w.  J.)  stem  leafy  » 


leaves  ovate,  petioled,  having  coloured  reticulate  veins. 
14—1.    NEPETA,  42.  39. 

cataria  (catmint,  catnep.  b-w.  Ju.  24 .)  flowers  in  whorl- 
cd  spikes  :  leaves  petioled,  cordate. 

5—2.    NERIUM. 
oleander  (rose  bay,  oleander.) 

5—1.    NICOTIANA,  28.  41. 

tabacum  (.Virginian  tobacco.  E.  w-r.  Ju.  ©.)  leaves 
lance-ovate,  sessile,  decurrent  :  flowers  acute,  rustica 
(common  tobacco.  E.  Au.  0.)  flowers  obtuse,  paniculata 
(small-flowered  tobacco.) 

13—5.    NIGELLA,  26.  61. 

damasccna  (fennel-flower.  E.  M.  ©.)  flower  surround- 
ed with  a  leafy  involucre,  sativa. 

5—1.    NOLAN  A,  41.  42. 

prostrata. 

13—1.    NUPHAR,  13.  22. 

lutea  (water  lily.)  kalmiana.  advena  (y.  Ju.  u '.)  leaves 
erect,  cordate,  entire,  stigma  Avith  13  radiating  lines. 

13—1.    NYMPHAEA,  13.  22. 

odorata  (pond  lily.  vv.  Ju.  lj.)  leaves  rwind-cordate^ 
entire,  submarginate. 


O  RI  119 

£1—5.    NYSSA,  12.  24. 
vttlosa  (pepperidgc,  -tupelo.)    biflora  (sour-gum.) 

14—2.     OBOLARIA,  40.  35. 
irirgini-ca  (penny-wort.) 

14—1.     OCYMUM,  42.  39. 
baslliciim  (basil.) 

8— -1.     OENOTHERA,  17.  88.' 
biennis  (scabish,  tree-primrose,  y.  J.  £  .)  stem  villose, 
scabrow,  stamens  shorter  than  the  corol.  parviflora.  Ion- 
grftoru.    grandiflora.   fruticosa.    (sundrops.)     muricata. 
pusilla.    chnjsantha  (dwarf  scabish.) 

4—1.     OLDENLANDIA. 

glomerate,  (round-head.) 

22—1.     ONOCLEA,  55.  5. 

sensibilis  (sentitive  fern.  Ju.  y .)  barren  frond  ]>innate5 
fertile  one  doubly-pinnate,    struthiopteris.    obtusiloba. 

18—1.     ONOPORDUM,  49.  54. 

acanthium  (cotton  thistle.) 

5-.1.     ONOSMODIUM,  41.  42 
hispidum  (false  gromvvelL) 

22—5.    OPEGRAPHA,  57.  2. 
macularis  (lettered  lichen.) 

22—1.    OPHIOGLOSSUM,  55.  5. 

vulgatum  (addertongue  fern.  M.  IT.)  frond  ovate,  sim- 
ple :  spikes  about  an  inch  long,  bulbosum, 

19—1.     ORCHIS,  7.  21. 

ciliaris  (orchis.)  blephariglottis.  psycodes.  cristata* 
lacera.  discolor.  Jlara.  tridentata.  juscescens.  specta- 
bilis.  indsa.  roiundifolia.  bifolia.  fanbriata  (p.  Ju.  y.) 
lip  3-parted  ;  divisions  wedge-form,  ciliate-f ringed,  or- 
bicuLata.  Jissa.  dilatata  (giant  orchis.) 

14—1.     ORIGANUM,  42.  39. 
vulgare  (wijd  marjoram.)    majorana  (sweetmajoram.) 


120  JP  A  E 

6—1.    ORNITHOGALUM,  10.  16. 
umlellatum  (star-of-bethlehem.) 

14— 2.     OROBANCHE,  40.  35. 
•virginiana  (false  beech-drops,  cancer-root.)    unlflora 
(squaw-root,  p-w.  J.  1(.)  scape  naked  1 -flowered,    amer- 
icana. 

6—1.    ORONT1UM,  "2.  7. 
aquaticum  (floating-arum.) 

22—2.     ORTHOTRICHUM,  56.  4. 
anomalum.    cnpulatum.    diaphanum. 

6—2.     ORYZA,  4.  10. 
saliva  (rice.) 

3—2.  ORYZOPSIS,  4.  10. 

asperifolia  (mountain  rice.  Au.  if.)  culm  nakedish : 
leaves  rough. 

22—1.     OSMUNDA,  55.  5. 

cinnamomea  (flowering  fern.  y.  J.  if.)  frond  doubly 
pinnatifid  ;  fertile  ones  distinct  and  panicle-racemed. 
interrupta.  spectabilis.  refills. 

20—13.     OSTRYA,  50.  99. 

virginica  (iron-wood,  hop  hornbeam,  g.  M.  Tj.)  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  subcordate. 

10—5.     OXALIS,  14.  73. 

acetosalla  (woodsorrel.)  violacea  (violet  woodsorrel.) 
diUenii  (yellow  woodsorrel.  y.  J.  0.)  hirsute  :  stem  leafy, 
erect,  rough-haired,  stricta  (yellow  woodsorrel.)  cor- 
niculata. 

8—1.     OXYCOCCUS,  18.  51. 

palustris  (low  cranberry,  r.  J.  h .)  creeping  :  leaves 
oval,  entire,  margin  revolute.  macrocarpus  (cranberry. 
r.  J.  b  •)  leaves  oblong,  entire,  flattish.  erythrocarpus. 

5—2.     PANAX,  46.  59. 

tri/olia  (dwarf  ground-nut.)  quinquefolia  (ginseng.  W. 
M.  U .)  root  fusiform  :  leaves  ternate,  quinate. 

13—5.    PAEONIA,  36.  61. 
(ffitinalu  (Peony.) 


P  A  S  m 

3—2.     PANICUM,  4.  10. 

trus-galli  (barn  grass.  Ju.  $.)  spikes  alternate  and  in 
pairs,  thick,  squarrose :  glumes  hispid,  avvned  :  rachis 
angled  :  sheath  glabrous,  glaucum  (foxtail  panic.)  ital- 
icum.  viriile.  capitlare.  virgattim.  latijfplium.  Var. 
dandesiinnm.  tniidum.  scoparium.  hispidum.  genicu- 
latum.  ramulositm-  vernwos'im.  walteri.  agrosloides. 
nervosum.'  pubescens.  m^crocnrpon.  umbrosum.  au- 
gustifoHum.  barbatum.  vcrticiUatum.  discolor,  dicho- 
tomum.  depauperatiim.  anceps. 

13—1.     PAPAVEB,  27.  62. 

rJieas  (wild  poppy.)  nudicaulis*  somniferum  (opium 
poppy.  E.  J.  f ? .]  calyx  and  capsule  glabrous:  leaves 
clasping,  gashed,  glaucous. 

20—4.     PAR1ETARIA,  53.  93. 

'pensyh-ani-ca  (pellitory.) 

22—5.     PARMELIA,  57.  2. 

saxatilis.  conspersa.  crinita.  cenirifnga.  stdlaris. 
olw  i cen.  caper ata*  perforata,  somewhat  membranous, 
expanded,  glaucous,  black-villose  beneath,  cut-lobcd  and 
fringed  at  the  margin  :  shields  funnel-form,  at  length 
perforated,  rust-colour,  with  an  entire  margin,  kerbaceity 
somewhat  membranous,  expanded,  smooth,  bright-green, 
pale  with  brown  down  beneath ;  lobes  cut  crenate  :  shields 
flatfish,  red-fulvous,  with  an  in  {looted  nearly  entire  mar- 
gin, pulclira,  somewhat  fleshy,  thii  kish,  greenish-blue, 
lobes  somewhat  sinuate-rounded,  unequal,  entire,  flexu- 
ous  :  shields  scattered,  pale  rust-colour,  with  a  tumid 
crcnulate  margin  becoming  convex  and  the  colour  of  the 
frond,  physodes.  colpo:les.  ciiiaris.  chrijsophtlialina* 

5—4.     PANASSIA,  14.  64. 

pnlnstri-s  (false -pi  an  tain,  parnassus-grass.  w-p.  Ju.  if.) 
radical  leaves  cordate  :  nectaries  many-bristled,  carpli- 

niana. 

3—2.    PASPALUM,  4.  10. 

setaceum  (paspulon  grass.)  ciliatum.  laevc.  stoloni- 
ferum. 


12ft 


16—5.    PASSIFLORA,  34.  97. 
(yellow  passion-flower.)    coerulea  (blue  passioii 
flower.)    a/ato  (winged  passion-flower.) 


5—2.    PASTINACA,  45.  60. 

saliva  (parsnip.  E.  Au.  £  ..)  leaves  simply  pinnate  : 
leafets  glabrous.  Var.  arvensis. 

14—2.     PEDICULARIS,  40.  35. 

canndensis  (lousewort.  y-p.  M.  if.)  stem  simple  :  leaves 
pinnatifid,  gash-toothed,  gladiata  (high  heal-all.)  pal- 
lida.  resupinata.  sceptrum. 

16—7.     PELARGONIUM,  14.  73. 

triste  (mourning  geranium.)  daucifolium  (carrot  gera- 
nium.) odoratissimwn  (sweet-scented  geranium.)  zonale 
(horse-shoe  geranium.)  inquinans  (scarlet  geranium.) 
acerifoiiiim  (lemon,  or  maple-leaf,  geranium.)  capilatum 
(rose-scented  geranium.)  querci/olium,  (oak-leaf  gerani- 
um.) graveolens  (sweet  rose  -geranium.) 

22—5.     PELTJDEA,  57.  2. 

vernosa  (target  lichen.)  canina-  polaris.  aphthosa* 
horizontalis. 

10—5.     PENTHORUM,  13.  83. 
sedoides  (virginian  orpine,  g-y.  Jn.  1(.)  stem  branching, 
angled  :  leaves  lanceolate,  subsessile,  unequally  and  dens- 
Jy  serrate. 

14—2.     PENTSTEMON,  40.  55. 

yubesccns  (beard-tongue,  w-p.  J.  y.  .)  stem  hairy  :  leaves 
serrulate,  lance-oblong,  sessile,  laevigata. 

6—1.     PEPLIS. 

americana  (mud-carpet.  A.  g.  0.)  same  as  Crypta  ml 
mm  a, 

5—2.     PERIPLOCA,  SO.  47. 

graeca  (follicle  vine.) 

17—5.     PETALOSTEMON,  32.  93, 
candidum  (split  flower.) 

22—6.     PEZIZA,  58.  1. 

scuttcllata  (dish  fungus.)  coccinea  (scarlet  dish)  scar- 
let within  and  buff-yellow  without,  bolaris, 


P  H  Y 

5—1.    PHACELIA,  41.  42. 
bipinndtifida  (phacelia.)   fimbriala.    parviflora. 

3—2.    PHALARIS,  4.  10. 

arundinacea  (ribbon  grass,  wild  canary  grass.  Ju.  2/.) 
panicle  oblong,  ventricose,  compact,  canariensis  (canary 
grass.) 

22—2.     PHASCUM,  56.  4. 

mutieum.    coherens. 

17—10.    PHASEOLUS,  52.  93. 

perennis  (wild  kidney-bean.)  helvolus.  vulgaris  (com- 
mon pole-bean.  E.  p.  w.  Ju.  0.)  stem  twining  :  racemes 
solitary,  coccineus  (scarlet  runner.  E.)  stem  twining  ; 
racemes  in  pairs,  nanus  (bush-bean,  six- weeks  bean.) 

12—1.     PHILADELPHIA,  19.  89. 
coronarius  (mock-orange,  false  syringa.  E.  w.  J.  ^  .) 
styles  distinct :  leaves  ovate,  subdentate.  inodorus  (scent- 
less syringa.  w.  J.  ^ .)  leaves  ovate,   acuminate,  entire. 
grandiflorus. 

3—2.    PHLEUM,  4.  10. 

pratense  (timothy  grass.  J.  U .  and  $  0  spike  cylindric, 
very  long,  ciliate. 

5—1.    PHLOX,  20.  44. 

paniculata  (smooth-stem lichnidia.)  pyramldalis.  ma- 
culata,  (spotted  lichnidia.)  suav'eolens.  aristata.  pilosa 
(creeping  lichnidia)  di"varicatx.  stolonifera.  subulata 
(mountain  pink.  r.  M.  If.)  caespitose,  white-pubescent  ^ 
leaves  linear,  pungent,  ciliate.  setacea. 

14—1.     PHRYMx\,  40.  39. 

leptostachia  (lopseed.  P.  w.  Ju.  u  •)  leaves  ovate,  coarse- 
ly serrate,  petioled  :  spike  terminal,  slender  :  flowers 
opposite. 

20—16.    PHYLLANTHUS,  38.  96. 
obovatus  (leaf- flower.) 

5—1.    PHYSALIS,  28.  41. 

•viseosa.  pennsylvanica.  philadelphica.  lanceolate*  (d- 
kekengi  (winter  cherry.) 


124  P  L  A 

11—10.    PHYTOLACCA,  54.  89. 
decandra  spoke  we<?d.  w.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  ovate,  acute  at 
both  ends  :  flowers  raccmcd,  berries  flattened  at  the  cuds*- 

18—1.     PICRIS,  49.  55. 
lieradodes  (oxtongue.) 

20-—  16.     PINUS,  51.  100. 
1.  Leaves  solitary  with  separate  bases. 
lalsamea  (fir  tree,  balsam   tree.  M.  h  *•)  leaves   flrd, 
emarcinate  or  entire.   Jrawri  (double  K|niirt*.)    :< 

white  spruce.)  canadeiws  (heajlwek 


(black  spruce.)    alfta  (white  spruce 
tree.)    rubra  (red  spruce,  spruce  fir.) 

2.  Leaves  in  pairs,  with  the  bases  bound  together  by  sheaths, 
resinosa  (yellow  pine,  norway  pine,  red  pine.  M.  £  .) 

leaves  and  sheaths  elongated,    inops  (jersey  pine.)   bank- 
siuna  (scrub  pine,  grey  pine.) 

3.  Leaves  in  threes,  with  the  bases  bound  together  by  sheaths. 
variabilis  (three  leaved  yellow  pine.)    rigida  (pitch 

pine.  M.  ^  .)  leaves  with  abbreviated  sheaths,    serotina 
(pond  pine.) 

4.  Leaves  in  Jives,  with  bases  bound  together  by  sheaths. 
strobus  (white  pine.) 

5.  Leaves  many  in  a  fascicle. 

pendula  (black  larch,  tamarack,  hack-matack.)  mi- 
crocarpa  (red  larch.)  larix  (common  larch.} 

17—10.     PISUM,  32.  93. 

sativum  (pea.  E.  p-w.  J.  @.)  petioles  terete  :  stipules 
round  and  crenate  at  the  base,  maritimiim  (sea  pea»  ) 

4—1.     PLANTAGO,  54.  31. 

mnjor  (plantain  w.  J.  it.)  leaves  ovate,  subdentatc, 
subglabrous  :  scape  terete,  lanceolata  (ribwort.)  vir- 
ginica  (dwarf  plantain.)  cordata.  pauciflora.  cuwUata. 
meadia.  maritima. 

20—13.    PLATANUS,  50.  99. 

occidentalis  (button-wood,  american  planetree^  false 
sycamore.  J,  ^  .)  leaves  quinquangular. 


P  O  k  H5 

3—2.    POA,  4.  10. 

pratensis  (common  meadow  grass.  M.  I/.)  panicle 
.spread  :  spikelets  about  4-flowered  :  glumes  lanceolate, 
5-nerved,  connected  by  down  :  stipules  abbreviated,  ob- 
tuse, compressa  (blue  grass.  J.  1^.)  panicle-  compact, 
somewhat  I -sided,  glabrous,  palustris  (swamp  meadow 
grass.)  quinquefida  (giant  meadow  grass.)  annua.  ner- 
-vata.  tenella.  hirsuta.  brevifolia.  viridis.  capillaris. 
trimalis.  nemoralis*  sesleroides.  aquatica-  parviflora. 
pectinacea.  spectabilis.  reptans.  stolonifera.  pilosa. 
obtusa.  maritima.  unifiora.  festucoides  (fescue  meadow 
grass.) 

10—1.    PODALYRIA,  32.  93. 
tinctoria  (wild  indigo,  y.  Ju.  u .)  very  glabrous,  branch- 
ing :    leaves   ternate,  subsessile  ^   IcaTets  wedge-form, 
round -obtuse,    coerulea. 

13—1,    PODOPHYLLUM,  27.  61. 
peltatum  (wild  mandrake,  may-apple.  W.  M.  ^i.)  stem 
terminated  with  2  peltate  palmate  leaves. 

20—2.     PODOSTEMtiM,  54.  6, 

ceratophyllum  (thread-foot) 

5—1.    POLEMONIUM,  29.  44. 

reptans  (greek  valerian.) 

6—1.    POLYANTHES,  10.  16, 
tuberosa  (tuberose ) 

17—6.     POLYGALA,  33.  35. 
incarnata  (milk wort.)     rubella  (false  low    centaury; 

f round-flower.)  paucifolia  (flowering  wintergreen.  r. 
1.  K.)  small, large-flowered  ;  stem  simple,  leaves  ovate, 
acute,  glabrous,  near  the  top  of  the  stem,  um/lora.  sen- 
ega (seneca  snake-root.  Intea  (yellow  milk  wort.)  mri- 
descens.  sanguinea.,  verticUlata  (dwarf  snake-root.)  cm* 
data. 

8—3.    POLYGONUM,  12.  28. 
marinum  (sea  knotweed.)    aviculars  (knot-grass,  w. 
M.  0.)  leaves* lanceolate,  scabrous  at  the  margin  ;  stein 
procumbent ;  flowers  sessile  axillary  small.    Yar,  latifo- 

L  2 


1£C  P  0  R 

Hum.  ramosissimum  (branching  knotgrass.)  tenue  (slend- 
er knotgrass.)  lapathifolium.  punctatum  (water-pepper, 
biting  knotweed.)  mite  (tasteless  knotweed.)  -Virginia- 
wttn.  viviparum.  coccineum  (lake  knotweed.)  persica- 
ria  (ladies'  thumb,  heart-spot  knotweed.)  pensylvanieum 
(knee  knotweed.)  orientate  (prince's  feather.)  articula- 
tum  (joint-  weed.)  sagittatmn  (prickly  knotweed.)  ari- 
folium  (halbert  knotweed.)  jagopyrum  (buck-wheat*) 
'convolvulus  (bind  knotvveedv)  scandens  (climbing  knot- 
>veed.)  cilinode. 

18—4.    POLYMNIA,  49.  55. 

canadensis  (white  leaf-cup.)   imedalia  (yellow  leaf-cup.  ) 
23—1.    POLYPODIUM,  55.  5. 

vulgare  (polypod.  Ju.  ^.)  frond  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  di- 
visions lance-linear,  obtuse,  crenulate.  hexagonopterum. 
connectile.  calcarcum. 


POLYTRICHUM,  56.  4. 

jnniperinum  (hair-cap  moss.  M.  i(.)  leaves  lance-lin 
ear,  pointed,  entire,  inflected  at  the  «dges,  rough  on  the 
keel  :  capsule  square,  on  a  flat  receptacle, 
piliferum*    perigoniale*    pensylvanicum. 

PONTEDERIA,  6.  17. 


cordata  (pickerel  weed.  b.  Ju,  if.)  leaves  heart-oblong, 
obtuse  :  spike  many-floweredy  compact. 

21—13.     POPULUS,  50.  99. 

tremuloides  (white  poplar,  american  aspen.  Ap.  ^  «) 
leaves  heart-roundish,  abruptly  acuminate,  tooth-serru- 
Jate,  glabrous,  grandidentata  (tree  poplar.)  betidifolia 
(birch-leaf  poplar.)  angidata  (balm-of-gilead,  water  pop- 
lar, cotton  wood,  batsamifera  (balsam  poplar.)  candi- 
cans.  laevigata  (cotton  tree.)  heterophylla  (various-leav- 
ed poplar.)  dilatata  (lombardy  poplar,  Italian  poplar. 

13—13.     PORCELIA,  52.  76. 
triloba  (custard  apple.) 

10—10.    PORTULACCA,.54.  89. 

oleracea  (purslane  y.  J»  O.)  leaves  wedge  -form  :  flow 
ers  sessile. 


p  R  o  isr 

4—4.    POTAMOGETON,  15.  6. 
natans  (pond weed,  g  J.  U .)  leaves  long-petioled,  float- 
ing, lance-oval ;  at  first  some  of  them  are  subcordate. 
fluitans.    setaceum.    perfoliatum.    lucens.  crispum.   pee- 
tinatum.    gramineum  (grass  pond  weed.)     compressum. 
12—13.  POTENTILLA,  35.  92. 

1.  Leaves  ternate. 

norwegica  (cinquefoil.)  tridentatu  (mountain  cinque- 
foil.) hirsuta. 

2.  Leaves  digitate  in Jhes9  rarely  in  sevens* 

canadensis  (common  fivefinger.  y.  M.  % .)  procumbent, 
subramose,  whitish-silky :  stipules  ovate,  gashed,  pu- 
inila  (dwarf  fivefinger.)  simplex,  argentea  (silver  five- 
finger.)  recta. 

3.  Leaves  more  or  less  pinnate. 

fruticosa  (shrubby  cinquefoil.)  Jloribunda.  anserind 
(tansy  cinquefoil.)  pensylvanica.  supina> 

20—13.     POTERIUM,  54.  92; 
sanguisorba  (burnet.  E.  J.  if.)  stem  somewhat  angled, 
unarmed,  leaved  pinnate. 

4—1.    POTHOS,  2.  7. 

foelida  (skunk  cabbage,  p.  ap.  i£.)  stemless  :  leaves  ra- 
dical, heart  ovate,  very  large. 

18—1.    PRENANTHES,  49.  53. 
alba  (white  lettuce,  wtp.  Au.  i£.)  radical  leaves  angled- 
Ivastate,   toothed,  somewhat  lobed.    altissima.  ~  cordata. 
virgata.    rubicunda. 

5—1.     PRIMULA,  2U  34. 

acaulis  (primrose.)  Ten's  (cowslip  primrose.)  elatior 
(oxlip  primrose.)  auricula  (auricula  tulip.)  farinosa 
(birds'  eye  primrose,  mistasinica. 

6—1.    PRIM  OS,  43.  95. 

verticillatus  (winter  berry,  false  alder,  w.  J*  ^  .)  leavevS 
oval,  serrate,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  glaber  (ink 
berry.)  laevigattis.  ambiguus. 

3—3.     PROSERPINACA,  15.  22. 

palustris  (mermaid  weed.  g.  Ju.  ©.)  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, serrate  above  water  $  pinnatifid  (below,  pecti- 
nata* 


126-  P  Y  K 

14—1.    PRUNELLA,  42,  39. 

pensyl-canica  (heal -all,  self-heal.  J.  y.)  leaves  petioledy 
oblong-ovate,  toothed  at  the  base. 

12—1.     PRUNUS,  36.  92. 

•Girginiana  (wild  cherry,  rum  cherry,  cabinet  cherry.) 
serotina  (choke  cherry  w.  J.  12  •)  flowers  in  lax  racemes : 
leaves  simply  serrate,  canadensis.  pensiilvanica.  bo- 
realis.  nigra.  pygmaea  (american  sloe.)  Jiiemalis  (win- 
ter plum.)  chicasa  (summer  plum,  chicasaw  plum.) 
sphaerocarpon.  tnaritima.  .pumila.  deprcssa-  spinosa 
(english  sloe.)  susquehanna.  cerasifera.  cerasus  (gar- 
den cherry.)  padus  (bird  cherry.)  avium  (small  bird 
cherry.)  domestica  (plum.)  E.  w.  M.  k  0  peduncles  sub- 
solitary  :  leaves  lance-ovate,  convolute :  branches  thorn- 
less.  Var.  Juliana  (damson  plum)  fruit  oblong,  blue. 
Var.  claudiana  (sweet  plum,  horse  plum)  round,  at  first 
green,  becoming  yellowish.  Var.  enudeata  (stoneless 
plum)  the  putamen  obsolete. 

£2—1.    PSILOTUM,  55,  5, 
dkhotomum  (naked  ground  pine. 

22—1.     PTERIS,  55.  5. 

aquilina  (common  brake.  Ju.  If.^)  frond  phinate-3-part- 
ed-  atropurvure a  (rock  brake.)  gracilis.  caudata. 

10—1.    PTEROSPORA. 
andromeda  (Albany  beach-drops^  A.  y-w.  Au.) 

5—1.     PULMONARIA,  41.  42. 
qfficinalis  (lung-wort.)  parviflora.    "virginica.    sibirica* 

12—1.     PUNICA,  36.  92. 
granatum  (pomegranite.) 

14—1.    PYCNANTHEMUM,  42.  39. 

incanum  (wild  basil,  mountain  mint.  w.  r.  Ju.  Z£.)  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  subserrate,  white  downy,  arista- 
cum. 

18—2.    PYRETHRUM,  49.  55. 
serotinum. 

10—1.    PYROLA,  18.  51. 
Toinndifolia  (shin-leaf;-  pear-leaf  wintergrcen,  w.  J.  U  J 


Q  I   E  ISO- 

leaves  round  or  rouml-obovate.    secuada  (one-sided  shin- 
leaf.)    uni/tora.     minor, 


12—5.     PYRUS,  36.  93. 

commiinis  (pear.  E.  w-r.  M  1?  .)  leaves  ovate?  serrate, 
(rarely  entire)  peduncles  corymbed.  Var.  p-jraster 
(dwarf)  fruit  very  small  and  acid.  Var./i/er/i'  (uerga- 
rnot)  fruit  orbicular,  apple-form.  y&r.pompeiana  .good 
Christian.)  Var  .  fuvonia  (musk-pear.;  Var.  llqescciis 
(butter-pear.)  Var.  ntfcsccits  (russet-pear.  Var.  m/r- 
Qtiiidulis  (leg-  pear,)  r,ialus  (apple.  E.  \v-r.  M.  :?  .}  How* 
crs  in  sessile  umbels  :  leaves  ovate  oblong,  acuuiinaic^ 
serrate*  glabrous  :  claws  of  the  petals  shorter  than  the 
calyx  :  styles  glabrous.  Var.  sylvestris  (uild-apple) 
leaves  ovate,  serrate  ;  fruit  small*  austere.  Var.  prasoin- 
ila  pippin.)  Var.  castanea  (chesnut-apple.)  Var.*fl/)i0sa 
(ape-apple)  fruit  small,  round,  red,  pleasant-tasted.  Var. 
Cdvillea  (cornered-apple)  leaves  broad-ovate,  downy  be- 
neath :  fruit  angled,  cydonia  (quince.  E.w.  J.  ij  ;.)  flow- 
ers solitary,  coronaria  \,crab  -apple.)  angustifolia. 

5—1.     PYXIDANTHERA,  21.  43. 
larlulata  (box-flower.) 

20—13,     QUERCUS.  50.  99. 

1.  Fruit  subsessiie  ;  Icares  nwcronate  with  a  bristle-form 

awn  (excepting  virens)  entire. 

phellos  (\villow  oak.)  virens  (live  oak.)  imbricaria 
(shingle  oak,  laurel  oak.) 

2.  Fruit  subsessUe  ;  leaves  mucronate  with  a  bristle  form 

awn.  toothed  or  lobed. 

heterophyll.t  (burrier's  oak  )  triloba  (downy  black  oak.) 
nigra  (barren  oak,  black  jack.)  tinctoria  (quercitron 
oak,  black  oak.)  discolor  (false  red  oak.)  coccinea  (scar- 
let oak.)  rubra.  (red  oak,)  falcata  (Spanish  oak.)  pal- 
ustris  (pin  oak.)  llidfolia  (scrub  oak.) 

3.  Fruit  peduncled  ;  leaves  without  awns,  lobed. 
stcllata  (iron  oak,  post  oak.)    macrocarpa  (over-cup 
oak.)     olivaeformis  (mossy-cup  oak.)    alba  (white  oak.) 

4.  Fruit  peduncled  ;  leaves  without  awns,  toothed,  not  /o* 

bed. 

prinus  (swamp"  chesnut  oak.  )    prinoides  (dwarf  chesnut 


1W  R  H  O 

oak,  chinquapin.)  montana,  (rock  oak,  chesnut  oaky 
mountain  oak.)  castanca  (yellow  oak.)  bicolor-  (swamp 
white  oak.) 

3—3.     QUERIA,  22.  82. 
canadensis  (fork  cliick weed.) 

13—13.     RANUNCULUS,  26.  61. 

acris  (crow-foot,  butter-cup.  y.*M.  1{.)  hairs  close-pres- 
sed :  leaves  S-parted-many-cl*eft,  upper  ones  linear  : 
calyx  spreading,  abortions,  repens.  rccnrvatus.  /ac- 
cicuUiris.  fuviatilis  (river  crowfoot.)  agnatiiis  (water 
crowfoot.)  delphinifoiius.  bulletins,  hirsntn.s.  Jlammu- 
la  (spearwort.)  sceleratus  (celery  crowfoot.)  pensylvan- 
icus.  pnsilliis.  lingua .-(great  spearwort.)  rep  tans  (dwarf 
spearwort.)  itiarylandiciis.  hispidus.  cymbalaria.  Jili- 
formis.  nitidus.  auricomus.  ianugiuosns.  saniculae- 
Jot  mis  (sanicle-crowfoot.) .  intcrmedius. 

15—2.     RAPHANUS,  39.  63. 
sativus  (garden-radish.  E.  w.  J.  0.)   leaves  ly rate  : 
silique  terete,  torose,  2-celled.)    raphanistrum  (wild  ra- 
dish, charlock. 

11— 3.  RESEDA,  54.  64. 
idorata  (mignonette.)  luteola  (dyer's  weed.) 

5—1.  RHAMNUS,  43.  95. 
alni/olius  (dwarf  alder.)  calharticus  (buckthorn.) 

9—3.    RHEUM,  12.  28. 

palmatum  (rhubarb.)    tataricum  (pie  rhubarb.  E.  3- 
'U .)  leaves  heart-ovate,  entire. 

8—1.    RHEXIA,  17.  90, 
•virginica  (meadow  beauty,  deer-grass.)    mariana* 

14—2.     RHINANTHUS,  40.  35. 
crista-galli  (yellow  rattle,  yellow  coxcomb.) 

10—1.    RHODODENDON,  19.  51. 
maximum  (wild  rose-bay.)    ponticum  (rose-bay.) 

10—1.    RHODORA,  18.  50. 
canadensis  (false  honey -suckle.) 


11  O  S 

^  5—3.     RHUS,  43.  94, 

typhinum  (sumach,  y-g.  Ju.  h  •)  branches  and  petioles 
'very  villose.  glabrum  (sleek  sumach.)  g.  r.  Ju.  I? .) 
b ranches,  petioles  and  leaves  glabrous.  copnUinum  (wing- 
rib  sumach,  mountain  sumach.;  vcrnix( poison  sumach.) 
cotinus  (Aaron's  beard,  false  fringe  tree.  E.  g-y.  J.  ^  .) 
toxicodendron  (poison  vine,  poison  ash.)  Var.  rndicans 
(poison  ivy.)  Var.  qitercifobum  (poison  oak.)  Var.  mi- 
erocarpon.  aroinaticum. 

3—1.    RHYNCHOSPORA,  3.  9. 
sparsa  (false  bog-rush.)    glomerata.    alba*    ciliata. 

5—1.     RIBES,  36.  85. 
1.  Currant-like.    Flowers  racemed. 

rubrum  (currant.  E.  g.  M.  ^  •)  unarmed  :  racemes 
glabrous,  nodding  :  corol  flat  ;  petals  obcordate.  ni- 
grum  (black  currant.)  albinervium.  trijidum.  ringens. 
glandulosum.  recurvatum.  Jioridum  (wild  black-cur- 
rant. 

S.  Gooseberry -like.  Peduncles  mostly  fetv-f lowered  ;  rare- 
ly subracemed. 

grossularia  (englisli  gooscbei-i-y. )  trifloritm (wild  goose- 
berry.) hirlellum.  oxyacaulhdides.  gracile.  lacustris. 
conabasti. 

22—3,     RICCIA,  57.  3. 

natans  (floating  liverwort.)  fluitans  (forkstems,) 
glauca. 

20—16.     RICINUS,  38.  96. 

communis  (caster-oil  plant, pahna  christi.  E.  OO  leaves' 
jpeltate,  palmate. 

4—1.    RIVINA,  12.  29. 

laems  (rough-seed.) 

17—10.     ROBINIA,  32.  93. 

pseudo-acacia  (locust  tree,  false  acacia,  w.  M.  h  •)  leaves 
pinnate,  with  a  terminal  leat'et.  -viscosa( clammy  locust.) 
iiispida  (rose  locust.)  caragana  (Siberian  locust.) 

12—13.     ROSA,  35.  92. 
corymbosa  (swamp  rose.)    parviflora  (wild  rose.  r.  w. 


1SS  R  U  T 

J.  b  0  germs  depressed-globose  ;  germs  and  peduncles 
hispid,  rubiginosa  (sweet  biiat1.)  lucida.  ga^ttu^  se- 
tigera  (bristly  rose.)  pendulina  (thornlcss  rose,  nilidcu 
tanina  (dog-rose.)  gattica  (French  rose,  common  rose.) 
damascena  (damask  rose.)  muscosa  (moss  rose.)  wos- 
chata  (musk  rose-)  burgundiaca  (burgundy  rose.)  sem- 
pcrjiorens  (monthly  rose.)  alba  (white  rose.)  pimpineUi- 
oiia  (burnct  rose.)  centifolia  (hundred  leaved  rose.) 

e.) 


(cinnamon  rose.)     niultifiora   (jajian  rose 
spinosissima  (scotc  h  rose.)    parwfolia  (small-leaf 


2—1.     ROSMA1UN.US,  42.  sy. 
(rosemary.) 

4—1.     RUBIA,  47.  57. 
iinctoria  (madder.) 

12—13.     RUBUS,  35.  92. 

idens  (garden  raspberry.)  strigosns  (red  raspberry/: 
odoratits  (llowering  raspberry.)  occidentalis  (black  rasp- 
berry.) rillosus  (high  blackberry.)  trivialis  (creeping 
blackberi'v,  dew-bei-ry.)  saxaiilis  (brier  herb,  ro'-k 
blackberry.)  obovulis.  cunei/oltus.  hispidus.  canaden- 
$is.  chamacmorus  (cloud-berry.)  acaulis* 

8—3.     RUDBECK1A,  49.  55. 
lariniato  (cone-flower*  cone-disk  sunflovyer.  y.  Au.  K.l 
lower  leaves  pinnate*  leafets  3-lobed,    digitatu.   pinnata. 
triloba.   fidgida.    hirta.    purpurea. 

14—2.     RUELLIA,  40.  36. 
strepens  (ruel.) 

6—3.     RUMEX,  12.  28. 

Crispin  (dock.  Ju.  2|.)  valves  of  the  calyx  ovate,  entire, 
all  bearing  grain-like  appendages  on  their  backs,  obtu- 
sifolius.  'verticillattis.  oritaritcus.  sanguimus  (bloody 
dock.)  aquations  (water  dock.)  acutus.  patientia  (gar- 
den dock,  patience.) 

4—4.    RUPPIA. 
mariiima  (tassel  pondweed.) 

10—1.     RUTA,  26.  81. 
gravcolens  (rue.  E.;  leaves  more  than  decompound. 


SAL  135 

3—2.    SACCHARUM,  4.  19, 

cffidnarum  (sugar  cane.) 

4_4.     SAGINA,  22.  82. 
procumbens  (pealwort.)    apetala. 

20—13.  SAGiTTARtA,  5.  13. 
sagittifolia  (arrow-head,  w.  Ju.  1{.)  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  sagittate ;  lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  strait :  scape 
simple,  latifolia.  obtusa.  hastvta.  gracilis.  hetero- 
phylla.  lancifolia.  rigida.  simplex,  graminea.  acuti* 
folia,  iiatans. 

1—1.    SALTCORNIA. 

herbacea  (samphire,  glass  wort.  Y.  H.  C.  Au.  0.)  her- 
baceous, spreading  $  joints  compressed  at  the  apex,  emar- 
ginate-bifid.  Var.  virginica,  has  the  branches  undivided 
and  the  jointed  spikes  very  long,  ambigua. 

21—2.     SALIX,  50.  99. 
1 .  Leaves  entire,  or  obsoletely  serrate. 
Candida  (white  willow.)   muhlenbergiana  ( speckled  wil- 
low.)   tristis  (mourning  willow.)    recurvata  (shrub  wil- 
low.)   repens  (creeping  willow.)    pedicellaris  (stem-ber- 
ried willow.)    rosrnarinifolia  (rosemary  willow.)   fuscatd 
(sooty  willow.) 

2.  Leaves  remotely  and  obtusely  serrate. 

conifera  (rose  willow,  cone-gall  willow.)  myricoides 
(gale  leaf  willow.)  prinoides-  discolor  (red-root  willow, 
basket  willow.)  -angustata.  longifolia  (long-leaf  willow.) 

3.  Leaves  clesely  and  acutely  serrate. 

labylonica  (weeping-willow.)  falcata.  nigra  (brittle- 
joint  willow,  black-willow.)  lucida  (shining  willow.) 
rigida  (stiff-leaf  willow  )  cordata  (heart-leaf  willow.) 
grisea  (grey- willow.)  vitellina  (yellow  willow.)  ambig- 
ua*  russeliana* 

5—2.     SALSOLA,  12.  29. 

kali  (saltwort.)    caroliniana.    tragus.    soda,    salsa. 
2—1.     SALVIA,  42.  39. 

oJKdnalis  (sage.)    sclava  (clarry.)    lyrata  (wild 
•clrbenaca  (vervain  sage.)    nrticijblia  (nettle  sage.) 


134  SAX 

5—3.     SAMBUCUS,  4S.  68. 

canaden&is  (black-berried  elder,  w.  J.  1? .)  branchlets 
and  petioles  glabrous  :  leafets  about  in  4  pairs,  pitbescens 
(red-berried  elder.) 

5—1.    SAMOLUS,  21.  34. 
valtrandi  (brookweed.) 

13—1.    SANGUINARIA,  27.  62. 
eanademis  (bloodroct.  w.  Ap.  u .)  leaves  subreniform, 
Sinuate-lobed  :  scape  I -flowered. 

4—1.     8ANGUISORBA,  54.  92. 
canadensis  (burnct  saxifrage.)    media. 

5—2.     SANICULA,  45.  60. 

marilandica  (saniclc.  w.  J.  U .)  leaves  digitate  ;  leafets 
oblong,  gashed. 

10—2,    SAFONARIA.  S2.  82. 
officinalls  (soapwort,  bouncing  belt.  w.  J.  if.)  calyx 
cylmdric ;  leaves  lance-ovate,   vaccaria  (field  soapwort.) 

5—3.     SAROTHRA,  20.  82, 
gentlanoides  (nit-weed,  false  John's  wort.) 

13—1.    SAREACENIA,  13.  12. 
purpurea  (side-saddle,  p.  J.  T£ .)  leaves  (which  are  the 
lateral  brims  of  large   cups)  short,  erectish^  spreading, 
having  reversed  prickles  within. 

14—1,     SATUREJA,  42.  39. 
hortensls  (summer  savory.  E.  b-w.  Ju.  0.)  peduncles 
axillary,    monlana  (winter  savory. 

19—1.    SATYRIUM,  7.  21. 
jtwcleatum  (satyrion.)    obsoletum.    -virescens. 

7_4.     SAURURUS,  2.  6. 
eernuus  (lizard's  tail.) 

10—2.     SAXIFRAGA,  13.  84. 

rock  saxifrage.)    pennsylwnica 
sarmentQsa  (beef  steak.) 


SCO 

.     SCABIOSA,  47.  57. 
stdlata  (star  scabious,  cat's  eye.    atropurpurea  (sweet 
scabious.) 

6—3.     SCHEUCHZERIA,  5.  13, 

palustris  (less  flowering  rush.) 

S2— 4.    SCHIZAEA,  55.  5. 
pusilta  (one-sided  fern.) 

S— 1.    SCHOENUS,  3.  9. 
setacew  (bog-rush.) 

14—2.     SCHWALBEA,  40.  40. 
amerkana.  chaff-seed.) 

3—1.     SCIdPUS,  3.  9. 
1.  Culm  ivith  one  terminal  spike, 
tmuis  (club-rush.)  yalustris.  glaucus.   capitatus.  trick" 
odes,    intermedium,    planifolius.    obtusu-s.  bracteatus*  de- 
pilatus* 

9..  Culm  with  several  spikes. 

tacustris  (great  bull-rush.)  acutus  (common  bull-rush.) 
Ju.  1|.)  spikes  with  uiiequal  compressed  peduncles,  ob- 
long, subumbelled,  lateral,  near  the  top.  triqueter.  de- 
Mlis.  ferrugineus.  spadiceus.  capillaris.  autumnalis. 
subsquarrosus.  retrofractus.  cyperiformis.  brunneus. 
atrovirens.  pendulus.  lineatus.  macrostachyos.  gra- 
eilis* 

10—2.     SCLERANTHUS,  22.  86. 
annuiis  (knawel,  gravel  duckweed,  w-g,  J.  0.)  calyx 
of  the  fruit  spreading,   acute  :  stem  spreading,  subpros- 
trate. 

20—3.    SCLERIA,  3.  9. 

triglomerata  (whip-grass.)  pauciflora*  reticularis.  *ver~ 
ticillata. 

22—6.     SCLEROTIUM,  58.  1. 
semen  (barked  puff-ball.) 

22—1.     SCOLOPENDRIUM,  55.  5, 
afficinarnm  (caterpillar  fern.) 


13$  SEN 

18—1.     SCOLYMUS,  49.  Stf. 
hispanicus  (golden  thistle.) 

17—10.     SCGRPIURUS,  32.  93. 
lermiqulata  (caterpillars.) 

18—1.     SCORZONERA,  49.  55. 
hispanica  (viper's  grass.) 

14—2,     SCROPHULAR1A,  40.  40. 

marilandica  (Jigwort.  g-p.  Ju.  U-)  leaves  cordate^ 
serrate,  acute,  roundish  at  the  base,  lunceolata. 

14—1.     SCUTELLARIA,  43.  39. 

galericulata  (scull-cap,  b.  J.  l£.)  somewhat  simj)le,  gla- 
brous :  leaves  subsessile,  lance-ovate,  subcordate  at  the 
base,  crenate :  flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Flowers  large. 
lalerijlora  (mad-dog  scull -cap,  hoodvvort.  b.  Ju.  if.)  \ery 
branching,  glabrous :  leaves  long-petiolcd,  ovate,  tooth- 
ed ,*  caulioe  ones  subcordate  :  rarefies  lateral,  leafy. 
ovalifolia.  parvula.  integrifolia.  cordi/olia. 

3—2.     SECALE,  4.  10. 

cereale  (rye.  E.  J.  £  .)  glume  scabrous-ciliate  :  scales 
of  the  calyx  narrow  :  awns  long  and  reverse-prickly  : 
leaves  rough  near  the  point. 

10—5.     SEDUM,  13.  83. 

ttlephium  (orpine,  live- forever.  E.  p.  w.  Ju.  u.)  leaves 
fiattish,  tooth  serrate,  thickly  scattered  :  corymb  leafy : 
stem  erect,  ternatum  (false  ice-plant.)  anacampseros: 
(stone  crop.) 

5—2.     SEL1NUM,  45.  GO. 
eanad'eiise  (milk-parsley.) 

11—13.     SEMPERVIVUM,  13.  83. 
tcctorum  (house-leek.)    arborenm  (tree  houseleek.) 

18—2.     SENECIO,  49.  55. 

vulgaris  (groundsel.)  hieraci/olins  (fire-weed.)  elon- 
%atus  (long-stem  groundsel.)  aureus  (ragwort.)  bulsam- 
'itae  (balsam  groundsel.)  obovatus.  gracilis.  cumden- 


SMI  3137 

20—4.     SERPICULA,  15%  88. 

Occident  alls  (little  snake  weed.)    verticillatti. 

20—16.     SICYOS,  34.  97. 
angulata  (single-seed  cucumber.) 

16—13.     SIDA,  37.  74. 

abutilon  (indian  mallows,  y.  Ju.  @.)  leaves  round-cor- 
date, acuminate,  toothed,  tornentose.  spinosa.  crispa. 
napaett* 

10—3.     SILENE,  22.  82. 

antirrhina  (sleepy  catchfly.)  pennsijlvanica  (pink  catch- 
fly.)  yirginica.  nocturna.  catesbaei.  quinquevulnera. 
armeria  (garden  catchfly.)  mollissima  (wax  catchfly.  E. 
w.  Ju.) 

18—4.     SILPHIUM,  49.  55. 

perfoliatum  (ragged  cup.)     ternatum.    integinfoliuni. 
15—2.     SI]NTAPIS,  39.  63. 

nigra  (common  mustard.  E.  y.J.  0.)  silique  glabrous, 
3-sided,  somewhat  smooth,  close  pressed  to^he  stem. 
alba  (yellow-seed  mustard.) 

5—2.     SISON",  45.   60. 
canadense  (hose wort,  mock-sanicle.) 

15—2.     SISYMBRIUM,  39.  63. 

ainpkibium  (water  radish.)  nasturtium  (english  water- 
cress.)  palustre. 

16—3.     SISYRINCHIUM,  6.  18. 
anceps^  (blue-eyed  grass,  b.  J.  2/.)  scape  [or  culmjsim* 
pie,  2-edged  or  2-winged,    mucrotiatum. 

5—2.     SIUM,  45.  60. 

latifolimn  (water-parsnep.  \v.  Ju.  "}£.)  leaves  pinnate; 
leatets  oblong-lanceolate,  lineare.  rigidi'S.  longifoiium. 

21—5.     SMILAX,  11.  12. 

qucidrangularis  (bind-bramble.)  sarsaparilla.  rotun- 
difolia  (green  brier.)  caduca.  pseudo-china,  laiirifolia, 
yandurata.  peduncnlaris  (Jacob's  ladder.)  herbacea. 


138  8  0  ST 

5—2.    SM-YRNIUM,  46.  60. 
mireum  (alexanders.  y.  J.  if.)  leaves  biternate.    cordv* 
turn,    integerrimum.    barbinode. 

5—1.     SOLANUM,  28.  41. 

dnkamara  (bittersweet.)  nigrum  (deadly  nightshade.) 
carolinense.  tuberosum  (potatoe.  b.  w.  Ju.  if.)  stem  wing- 
angled,  unarmed  :  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate,  lycoper- 
sicum  (love  apple,  tomatoes.)  mdongena  (egg-plant.) 
pseudo-capsicum  (Jerusalem  cherry.) 

1-8—2.     SOLIDAGO,  49.  55. 

1.  Flowers  one-sided.  Leaves  with  three  combined  nerves, 
canadensis  (Canadian  golden-rod.)  procera  (great  gol- 
den-rod.) serotina  (smooth  golden-rod.)  gigantea  (giant 
golden-rod.)  detains  (fringed  golden-rod.)  reflexa  (hang- 
leaf  golden-rod.)  lateriftora  (side-flowered  golden-rod.) 

2.  Racemes,  orjlowers  one-sided.    Leaves  veiny. 

aspera  (rough  golden-rod.)  altissima  (variable  golden- 
rod  )  rugosa  (wrinkled  golden-rod.)  villosa  (soft  golden- 
rod.)  scabra  (harsh  golden-rod.)  nemoralis  (woolly 
golden-rod.)  patula  (spread  golden-rod.)  idmifolia(e\m 
golden-rod.)  arguta  (sharp-notch  golden-rod.)  juncea 
(rush-stalk  golden-rod.)  elliptica  (oval-leaf  golden-rod.) 
asperate*  (file-leaf  golden-rod.)  recurvata  (curved  golden- 
i-od.)  sempervirens  (narrow-leaf  golden-rod.)  virgata 
(wand  golden-rod.)  odora  (sweet-scented  golden-rod.) 
3.  Racemes  erect. 

licolor  (white  golden-rod. (  petiolaris  (late  golden-rod.) 
stricta  (willow-leaf  golden-rod.)  lanceelata  (grass-leaf 
golden-rod.)  tennifolia  (pigmy  golden-rod.)  caesia  (blue- 
stem  golden-rod.)  Irciaa  (purple-stem  golden-rod.)  his- 
pida.  hirta  (hairy  golden-rod.)  lithospermifolia  (grom- 
well golden-rod.)  laevigata  (flesh-leaf  golden-rod.)  mex- 
icana.  viminea  (twig  golden-rod.)  erecta  (upright  gold- 
en-rod.) macrophijlla.  flexicaulis  (zigzag  golden- rod.) 
latifolia  (broad  leaf  golden-rod.)  virgaurea  (mountain 
goiden-rod.)  rigida  (hand-leaf  golden-rod.)  novebora- 
emsis  (star  golden-rod.) 

18—1.     SONCHUS,  49.  53. 
hucophaeus  (sow  thistle,  b-w.  Ju.  ^  .)  peduncles  scaly  " 


S  P  I  139 

flowers  racemed :  leaves  runcinate,  acuminate  :  stem 
wand-panicled.  oleraceus.  pallidus.  palustris  (marsh 
sowthfetle.)  arvensis.  Jloridanus.  acuminatus*  alpimis 
(mountain  sowthistte.) 

12—5.     SORBUS,  36.  92. 
americana  (mountain  ash.  w.  M.  h  •)  leaves  pinnate. 

5—2,     SORGHUM,  4.  10. 

saccharatum    voroom  c&vn.  E.  y-g.  An.  €K)  panicle 
somewhat  whorled,  spreading*    vulgare  (indian  millet.) 

20—3.     SPARGANIUM,  3.  8. 

ramosum  (bur-reed.)   simplex  (flag  bur-reed.)  natans, 
itmericanum.    Var.  angustijolium. 

18—1.     SPARGANOPHORUS,  49.  55. 

vertitillatus  (water  crown-cup.) 

17—10.     SPARTIUM,  32.  93. 

junceum  (spanish  broom.)    scopanum  (scotch  broom.)F 
10—5.     SPERGULA,  22.  82. 

arvensis  (spurry.  w.  J.  ©-.)  leaves  filiform,  whorled; 
saginoides  (pearl  spurry.) 

22—6.     SPHAERIA,  58.  1. 

/ragiformis    (globule   fungus.)     hijpoxylon.    coccinea* 
nvvea. 

22—5.     SPHAEROPHORON,  57.  2. 
globiferus  (seed-ball  lichen.) 

22—2.     SPHAGNUM,  56.  4. 

latifoliiim.    captilifolium  (O.)  leaves  closely  imbricate, 
lance-ovate,  acuminate,  llattish.    cyiMfolium. 

5—1.     SPIGELIA,  47.  46. 

marilandica  (pink-root.) 

22—5.     SPILOMA,  57.  2. 
melaleuca  (efflorescent  licheh.) 

21—5.    SPINAC1A>  12.  29. 
okracea  (spinach.) 


S  T  I 

12—5.     SPIRAEA,  56.  92. 
1.  Stem  more  or  less  woody. 

salici/olid  (meadow-sweet,  willow  hard-hack,  r.  w.  J.  1? .} 
leaves  lance-ovate,  or  obovate,  serrate,  glabrous,  to- 
mentosa  (steeple  bush,  purple  hard-hack,  r.  Ju.  h  •)  leaves, 
lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  downy  beneath,  opulifolia 
(nine-bark,  snowball  hard-hack.)  hyperidfolia  (John's 
wort  hard -hack.)  crenata. 

"2.  Stem  herbaceous. 

ulmaria  (queen  of  the  meadow.)  aruncus  (steeple 
weed.)  lobata,  trifoliata  (ipecac,  Indian  physic,  Bow- 
man's root.)  stipulacea. 

22—2.     SPLACHNUM,  56.  4. 
ampullaceum  (umbrella  moss.) 

14—1.     STACHYS,  42.  39. 
aspera  (hedge-nettle,  clownheal.) 

5—3.     STAPHYLEA,  22.  95. 

trifolia  (bladder-nut,  y-w.  M.  b  .)  leaves  in  threes  :  ra% 
eenies  pendant  :  petals  ciliate  below. 

6—5.     STATICE,  48.  33. 

iimonium  (marsh  rosemary,  sea  lavender,  b.  Au.  Z£.) 
seape  terete  :  panicle  much  branched,  armeria  (thrift.) 

10—3.     STELLARIA,  22.  82. 
longifolia  (long-leaf  starwort.)    palustris  (stitchwort, 
meadow  starwort.}    pvbera. 

22—6.     STEMONIT1S,-  58.  1. 

fascicularis  (brittle-bark  buff-ball,)  vesiculosa.  ty- 
phina. 

22—5,     STEREOCAULON,  57.  2. 
ramulosum  (knobbed  lichen.)    paschale. 
22—5.     STICTA,  57.  2. 
pulmonacea.     sylvatira. 

3—2.     STIPA,  4.  10a 
GVenacea  (feather  grass.)    sericea. 


T  H  A 

17—10.    STYLOSANTHUS,  39.  93. 
Mspida  (pencil  flower.) 

5—2.     SWERTIA,  20.  46. 
pusilla  (false  gentian.)    cornicutata. 

5—1.     SYMPHITUM,  41.  42. 

f°  qfftcinale  (comfrey.  E.  y-w.  J.lf  .)  leaves  ovate-sublan> 
cedlate,  decurrent,  rugose. 

2—1.     SYRINGA,  48.  S7. 

vulgaris  (lilac.  E.  b-p.  w.  M.  t?  .)  leaves  cordate:  flow- 
ers in  a  styrse.    persica  persian  lilac.) 

18—2.     TAGETES,  49.  55. 

erecta  (afr-iran  marygohl.  E.  y.  Ju.  0.)  calyx  angled, 
patula  (trench  marygold.  E.y.  Ju.  0.)  calyx  smooth. 

11—1.    TALINUM. 


5—3.    TAMARIX. 
germanica  (tamarisk.)    gallica  (French  tamarisk.) 

18—2.    TANACETUM,  49.  55. 
vulgare  (tansey.  E.  y.  Ju.  if.)  leaves  doubly  pinnate> 
gash-serrate* 

22—16.    TAXUS,  51.  100. 
canadensis  (dwarf  yew,  shin-wood.) 

22—2.     TETRAPHIS,  56.  4, 
pelhicida  (four-tooth  moss.) 

14—1.    TEUCRIUM,  42.  39. 
cctnadense  (wood-sage,  germander,  r.  Ju.  n.)  whitisli- 
hirsute  :  leaves  lance-ovate,   serrate,  all  petioled.    vir- 
ginicum. 

22—6.    THAELAEPHORA,  58.  1. 
caryophyltea  (pink  fungus.)  ritbiginosa.  hirsuta.    quefc 
tina. 

13—13.     THALICTRUM,  26.  61. 

dioicum  (meadow  rue.)    cornuti.    polygamum.    rugo- 
purpurasccns. 


'ff  R  A 

13—1.     THEA. 
"bohca  (boheatea.)    viridis  'green  tea.) 

22—5.    THELOTREMA,  57.  2. 
pertusus  (crust  lichen.) 

5—1.     THESIUM,  31.  24. 

unibellatiim  f  false  toadflax,  w-g.  J.  if.)  leaves  land 
oval  :  fascicles  of  flowers  corymb-terminal. 

15—1.    THLASPI,  39.  63. 

bursa-pastoris  (shepherd's  purse,  w.  M.  0  .)  hirsnte  : 
silkies  deltoid-obcordate  :  radical  leaves  pirmatifid. 
eatnpestris  (ye!low-seed,  false-flax,  mithridate  mustarcL 
ai~vense  (penny-cress.) 

£3—16.     TEUJA,  51.  100. 
Qctidxitalis  (arbor-vita3,  false  white-cedar.) 

H-.U    THYMUS,  4f?.  39. 

serptjttum  (mother  of  thyme.)  vulgaris  (thyme.)  Ian* 
uginosus  (lemon  thyme.) 

10—2.    TIARELLA,  13.  84. 

ccrdifolia  (miter-  wort,  gem-fruit,  w.  M.  U  •)  leaves  cor- 
date, acute-lobed,  tocthed. 

13—1      T1LTA,  37.  79. 
glabra  (basswood,  lirnetree.)    pubescens  (crop-ear  bass« 


4—4.    TILLAEA,  15.  6, 
ascendens  (pigmy  weed  ) 

22—2.     TIMMIA,  56.  4. 

polytrichoides  (many-haired  moss.) 

6—3.    TOFIELDA,  10.  16. 
pusitta  (scotch  asphodel.)    glutinosa. 

18—1.     TOLPIS,  49.  55. 
"barbata  (hawksbeard.) 

6—1.    TRADESCANTIA,  6.  13. 
virginicd  (spiderwort.  b.  p.  M,  If.)  erect  :  leaves  Ian* 
Cftolate,  elongated,  glabrous. 


T  R  I  143 

18—1.    TRAGOPOGON,  45.  53. 
pdrrifoliiun  (vegetable  oyster,  goat-beard,  salsify.  E« 
j>.  Ju.  £  .)  calyx  longer  than  the  rays  of  the  corol. 

3—2.    TRiCHODlUM,  4.  10. 
laxiftorum  (thin-grass.)    scdbrum. 

3—1.     TRICHOPHORUM,  3.  9. 
cyperinum  (clump-head  grass.) 

14—1.    TR1CHOSTEMA,  42.  39. 
dichotoma  (blue  curls,  b.  An.  0.)  leaves  rhom-lanceo- 
late  :  branches  flower-bearing,  2-forked. 

22—2.    TRICHOSTOMUM,  56.  4. 
pallidum  (hair-mouth  moss.)     canadense. 
f— 1.    TRIENTALIS.  20.  34. 

europaea  (chick-wintergreen.  \v.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  oval  $ 
stem  naked  below,  with  a  tuft  of  oval  leaves  at  the  top. 

17— 10.    TRIFOLIUM,  32.  93. 

pratense  (common  red  clover,  r.  M.  11 .)  leafets  ovate, 
subentire  :  stipules  awtied.  repens  (white  clover.)  ar- 
•vense  (rabbit-foot,  field  clover.)  stoloniferum  (buffalo 
clover.)  pennsylvanicum.  reflcxum.  procumbens  (hop 
clover.)  campcstre.  agrarium. 

6—3.    TRIGLOCHIN,  5.  13. 
maritimum  Barrow-grass.)    palnstre.    triandrum. 

17—10.    TRIGONELLA,  32.  93. 
foenum-graecum  (funegreek  ) 

6—3.    TRILLIUM,  11.  12. 

erectum  (wake-robin  p-w.  M.)  peduncles  erect  or  erect- 
ish,  with  the  flowers  a  little  nodding  :  leaves  rhomboid, 
acuminate,  sessile.  Var.  alropurp^reum.  Var.  album, 
eernuvm  (nodding  wake-robin.)  pictum  (smiling  wake- 
robin.)  pendulum'  grandiflorum.  sessile,  pumilum 
(dwarf  wake-robin.) 

5—1.     TRIOSTEUM,  48.   53. 
perfoliatum  (fever-root,  horse -ginsing.  p.  J.  24.)  leaved 
ovaJ,  acuminate,  connate. 


144  U  L 

3—  «.    TRITICUM,  4.  10. 

fnjbernnm  (winter  wheat.  E.  J.  o  .)  calyx-glume  4-flow- 
eM,  tumid,  even  imbricate,  abrupt,     aestivum  (summer 

wheat.;     compositum  (egyptian  wheat,     repens  (wheat- 

grass,  couch  grass.) 

13—13.    TROLLIUS,  26.  61. 
laxus  (globe-flower.) 

18—1.    TROPAEOLUM,  23.  73. 
*   majus  (nasturtion,  indian  cress.  E.  y.  &  r.  Ju.  0.  "y.) 
leaves  peltate,  sub-repand  :  petals  obtuse,  some  of  them 
fringed. 

22__6.    TUBERCULARIA,  58.  1, 
•Qulgaris  (tubercle  fungus,    rosea. 

6—1.    TULIPA,  10.  14. 

sucrceolens  (sweet  tulip.  E.  M.  14..)  small  :  stem  1-flow- 
ered,  pubescent,  sesneriana  (common  tulip.  E.  M.  #.) 
«tem  1  -flowered,  glabrous. 

15—2.    TURRITIS,  39.  63. 
hirsuta  (tower  mustard.)    laevigata. 

18—2.     TUSS1LAGO,  49.  55. 

"  farfttra  (colt's  foot.  y.  Ap.    u.)  scape  single-flowered^ 
scaly.   Jrigida  (mountain  colt's  foot.) 

20—3.     TYPHA,  3.  8. 

latifolia  cat-tail,  reed-mace  Ju.  u  .)  leaves  linear,  flat? 
slightly  convex  beneath,  angnsti'olia. 

17—10.     ULEX,  32.  93. 
europeus  (furze.) 

5—2.    ULMUS,  53.,  99. 

americana  (elm.  white  elm.  g-p.  Ap.  k  .)  flowers  pedi- 
celled.  fulva  (slippery  elm,  red  elm.  Ap.  »2.)  flowers 
sessile,  nemoralis  (river  elm,  gi-ove  elm  J 


ULVA,  57.  2. 

purpurea  (glue-seaweed.)    lactuca*    latissima> 
'  compressa* 


V  A  C  145 

3—2.    UNIOLA,  4.  10. 

•tyahiculata  ( sea  rush-grass.)    latifolia.    splcafa, 

22—5.     URCEOLARFA,  57.  2. 
panyrga  (pitcher-shield  lichen  )     bryophylta. 

22— "6,     UREDO,  57.  1. 

frumenti  (blight,  grain-rust.  O.  J.  0.)  linear,  oblong 
black  brown,  growing  from  under  the  cuticle  of  culms 
through  the  pores,  ffava  (yellow  rusk  Q.  J.  0.)  se™* 
turn  (smut.)  linearis. 

20-— 4.     URTICA,  53.  98. 

dioica  (common  nettle.)  procera.  grncilis.  divaricate, 
pnmita  (stingless  nettle.)  nrens  (dwarf  stinger.)  capita- 
ta.  canadensis  (caiiada  nettle.)  ivhitloivi  (albany  hemp.) 

22—5.     USNEA,  57.  2. 

angulata  (fiat-stern  tree-moss.)  florida  (spreading- 
tree  moss.  O.)  erect,  cylindric,  rough,  greenish-grey, 
\vith  horizontal  fibres:  branches  scattered,  some\vhat 
fastigiate,  neai-Iy  simple  :  orbs  terminal,  large,  grecnisli- 
ti~hite9  radiated  with  tibres  :  lateral  warts  or  knobs,  pal- 
ish yellow,  plicata  (long  tree-moss.)  hirtus.  strigosus-. 
trichodeus. 

£—1.     UTRICULARIA,  24.  34. 

vulgaris  (bladder-wort.)  cornnta  (leafless  bladder- 
wort.)  sacohdia.  gibba.  subulata.  sctacea.  minor, 
ceratophylla. 

6—1.    UVULARIA,  11.  12. 

perfoliata  (bell [wort.  y.  M.  ZT.)  leaves  perfol into,  ovaf, 
obtuse,  sessilifolia.  lanceolate.  Jlara.  ainplexifolia. 
rosea.  lanuginosa. 

10—1.    VACC1N1UM,  18.  51. 

stainineum  (squaw  whortleberry.)  dumosuin  (bush 
whortleberry.)  jrondosum  (blue  whortleberry.)  resino- 
sum  (black  whortleberry.)  corymbosum  (giant  whortle- 
berry.) Var.  amvemm  Vw.virgatum.  V&v.fo  sea  turn, 
lignstnivnn  (prim  whortleberry.)  teiieUum  (dwarf  whor- 
tleberry.) guult her < aides  (wintergrcen  whortleberry.) 
"%itis~idaea  (bilberry.) 


146  VEX 

VALEHIANA,  43.  56. 


phu  (valerian.) 

21—2.    VALLISNERIA,  1.  22. 
spiralis  (tape  grass.) 

22—5.     VARIOLARIA,  57.  2. 
Jaginea  (bitter  small-  pox  lichen.)     coimnunis. 
discoidea  (flat-cup  lichen.) 

6—  -3.     VARATRUM,  10.  13. 

•viride  (itch-weed,  Indian  poke,  white  hellebore,  g.  J. 
#,)  flowers  in  terminal  racemed-panicles. 

22—4.     VAUCHERIA,  57.  2. 
hirsata.     In  Rutland  ponds. 

5—1.     VERBASCUM. 

thapsus  (mullein,  y.  J.  o  .)  leaves  decurrcnt,  downy 
both  sides  :  flowers  in  a  cj  lindric  spike,  bluttabria  (sleek- 
inuJicin.)  lychnitis. 

14—1.    VERBENA,  42.  39. 

hastaia  (vervain,  sirapler'sjoy.)  urticifolia  (nettle-leaf 
vervain.)  angastifolia  (pigmy  vervain.)  spuria. 

18—2.     VERBESI1SA.  49.  55. 

sigesbeckia  (crown-beard.)    *virginic(i. 

18—1.     VERXOMA,  49.  55. 
noveboracensis  (flat-top.)    praealta. 

2—1.     VERONICA,  40.  35. 

nffidndis  (speedwell.)  serpifnifolia  (Paul's  botanv, 
smooth  speedwell,  b.  M.  1C.)  racemes  terminal,  subspik- 
ed  :  leaves  ovate,  glabrous,  crenate.  beccubuuga  (brook- 
lime.)  anagaltu  (brook  pimpernel.)  scntdlala  (scull  -cap 
speedwell.)  qrvensis  (wall  speedwell.)  perigrina  (pur- 
slane-speedwell.) agreslis  (field  speedwell.)  hederijoli® 
(ivy  speed  we]  1.) 

02—5.     VERRUCARIA,  57.  2. 
stigmatella.    uitida. 

17—10.    VEXILLARIA,  32.  93. 
(butterfly-weed.)  •  mariana. 


V  I  T  i47 

5—5.    VIBURNUM,  43.  58. 

opuhts  (guelder-rose,  snow-ball.  E.  w.  J.  h  •)  leaves 
3-lobed,  sharp-toothed,  timi-s  (iaurestiiie.)  oxycoccus 
(high  cranberry.)  Icntago  (sheep-berry.)  lantanoides 
(hobble-bush,  tangle-legs. )  acenf'otiinn  (maple  guelder- 
rose,  dockmackic.)  dentiitum  (arrow-wood.)  pynfotium. 
prunfilium.  nuditm.  pubesccns.  cdidc. 

17—10.     V1CIA,  32.  93. 

faba  (garden  bean,  Windsor  bean.  E.  w.  &  black.  J.0.) 
stem  many-flowered,  erect,  strong,  pusitta  (creeping 
vetch.)  mitchilla  (mitciiill's  \ctch.)  amcricana.  saliva 
(tare.)  cracca.  caroliniana. 

5—1.     VILLARSIA,  SU  34. 
facunosa  (spur-stein,  floating  heart.) 

5__1.     VINCA,  30.  47. 
minor  (periwinkle,  b.  Ap.  ^  .)  stem  procumbent. 

5—1.    VIOLA,  29.  80. 

1.  Stemless  ;  leaves  all  radical  and  the  flowers  on  scapes, 
odorata  (sweet  violet.)  jjcdala  (bird foot  violet.)  pal- 
mata  (hand  violet.)  sagittala  (arrow  violet.)  dentata 
(toothed  violet.)  lanccolata (spear  violet.)  blanda( smooth 
violet.)  obliqaa  (twisted-wing  violet.)  primulifolia 
(primrose-leaf  violet.)  cuculUita  (common  bine  violet.) 
sororia  (bearded  violet.)  papUionacca  (butterfly  violet.) 
rotundifolia  (ground  violet.) 

2.  Having  a  stem  ;  more  or  less  of  the  leaves  cauline. 

tricolor  (garden  violet,  heart's  ease,  pansy.)  cznadensis 
(woods  violet;  stritta  (striped  violet.)  debilis  (weak- 
stem  violet.)  rostrata  (beaked  violet.)  pubescens  (yellow 
woods-violet.)  hastata  (balbert  violet)  concolor  (green 
violet.)  bicolor  (two  coloured  violet.)  tenella  (slender 
violet)  arvensis  (field  violet.) 

21—4.    VISCtJM. 
album  (misseltoe.) 

5—1.     VITIS,  46.  72. 

•oinifera  (wine  grape.)  labrusca  (plum  grape.)  aestiva- 
lis  (summer  grape.)  cordifolia  (frost  grape.)  Var.  vul- 
pina.  riparia  (odoriferous  grape.) 


. jM8  Z.  E  A 

2^—1.    VITTARIA,  55.  $. 
linettta  (ribbon  fern.) 

22—1.     WOODSIA,  55.  5- 
hi/perloren  (flower-cup  fern.)    i'Tcnsis- 

22—1.     AYOODWARD1A,  55.  $. 
(inguslifolia  (kidney-fern.)    virginicd* 

60— 4.    XANTIHUM. 

sivumarinni  (c.loit-buw.  Au.  00  stem  unarmed,  brandl- 
ing, .orientate,  spinosmn.  tnaculalum. 

6—3.    XEROPHYLLUM,.  10.  IS, 
KtifoliMm.    This  species  is  described  undei*  the  Helo- 
nias  asphodeloldes. 

5—1.    XYLOSTEUM,  48.  58. 
ciliatum  (fly-honeysuckle,  twin-berry,  vr-y.   M.    h  •)• 
berries  distinct :  leaves  ovate  and  subcordate,  margin  ril- 
iate.    solonis  (swarnp  twin-berry,  y*.  M.  T?.)  berries  unit- 
ed iu  pne,  not  distinct. 

22—6     XYLOSTIIOMA,  58.  1. 

giganteum  (punk,  oak-leather.  ().)  fibres  parallel,  the 
\vhole  fnngiR  tilling  the  interstices  between  tlte  cleave- 
p.gcs  of  decaying  wood. 

3—1.    XYRIS,  6.  13. 

anceps  (yellow-eyed  grass,  y.  An.  11 .)  leaves  linear,  oh 
^usish  :  scape  spread  and  2-edged  near  the  top.    bmifo- 
Hp.  Jlexiiosa. 

5^-13     2ANTHORII1ZA,  26.  61. 
cpiifolia  (parsley  y ellowroot.) 

21—5.     ^ANTHOXYLUM,  46.  94. 
Jraxininm  (prickly  ash,  tooth  ache  bush.  g-w.  M.  ^  0 
prickly  :  leaves  pinnate. 

34—2.     ZAPANIA,  40.  40. 
vodiflora  (fog-fruit)    lanceojata. 

20—3.     ZEA,4.10. 
mays  (indian  corn.  y-g.  Ju. ,-®.)  leaves  lancc-linearj  en- 


Z  1  Z  149 

tire,  keeled.    Var.  precox  (dwarf  corn)  stem  low  :  seeds 
mostly  8-rowed. 

6—3.    ZIGADENUS. 
glaberrimus  (zigadene.) 

18—2.     ZINNIA,  49.  55. 
midtijlora. 

20—6.    ZIZANIA,  4.  10. 

davulosa  (water-oats,  wild  rice.  0.)  panicle  pyramid- 
form  ;  staminate  flowers  below,  spreading,  flnitans, 
tniliacea. 

N  9. 


A. 

ABRUPT  leaf     A  pinnate  leaf,  which  has  not  an  odd,  or  terminal  leafet. 

ACCESSORY.  Additional.  Annexed  and  of  a  different  kind,  when  ap- 
plied to  the  border,  &c.  of  the  receptacle  of  a  lichen. 

ACIXACIFOUM  leaf.  Sabre-form.  One  edge  sharp  and  convex,  the 
other  thicker  and  strait  or  concave.  Cutlass-form. 

ACTIVE.  One  of  the  little  globules  constituting-  a  compound  berry  ;  as 
the  raspberry. 

ACUMITTATE,  16     ACUTE,  17. 

ADJTATE.  Adhering.  Any  two  or  more  parts  of  the. plant  being  at- 
tached to  each  other. 

AGGREGATE,  13. 

AioaETTE,  EGRET  The  flying,  feathery  or  hairy  crown  of  seeds  ;  as 
the  down  of  ihistles  and  dandelion*.  It  includes  whatever  remains 
on  the  top  of  the  seed  after  thecorol  is  removed. 

••— • — stiped  (stipulatus)  when  it  is  supported  on  a  foot-stem. 

• simple  (simplex)  when  it  consists  of  a  bundle  of  simple  hairs,  with- 

out  branches 

plumose  (plumosus)  when  each  hair  has  other  little  hairs  arranged 

along  its  sides,  like  the  beards  on  a  feather. 

membranous,  thin  transparent  leaves. 

ALTERNATE.  Branches,  leaves,  flowers,  &c.  are  alternate,  when  aiv 
ranged  upon  opposite  sides  of  the  stem,  or  whatever  supports  them  ; 
beginning-  at  different  distances  from  its  base,  and  continuing  in 
nearly  equal  series.  Sometimes  they  are  in  3  scries. 

AMENT,  10. 

ANGULAR.  By  means  of  intervening  grooves,  the  stems;  calyces,  cap- 
sules, &c.  have  ridges  running  lengthwise. 

ANNUAL.     Which  springs  up,  porf  els  frui1.,  and  dies,  in  the  same  year. 

ASODTSES.     Substances  which  promote  sleep. 

ASCMALOUS.  Whatever  forms  an  exception  to  the  assumed  rules  (3V 
systems. 

ANTHER,   11. 

AVTISCORBUTICS.     Substances  which  cure  eruptions. 

APETALOTJS.     A  flower  without  a  corol. 

APEX.     The  tip  or  top  end. 

APPENDAGE,  18. 

AQJJATIC.     Growing  most  naturally  in  or  near  water. 

ARTL,  Arillur;.  The  outer  coat  of  a  seed,  which,  not  contracting  wilh 
it  in  ripening,  falls  off. 

ARROW-FORX,  16. 

ASCENDING.  Rising  gradually  between  a  horizontal  and  vertical  posi- 
tion. 

*  Words  which  are  defined  in  the  Grammar  are  net  again  defined  in  this  Vocabulary; 
but ,»  reference  to  the  page  of  the  Grammar  is  annexed  to  the  word  in  the  Vocabulary. 


152  CAP 

ASTRINGENTS.  Substances  which  condense  the  fibres,  and  consolidate 
relaxed  parts.  They  brace  up  debilitated  intestines,  and  applied 
externally  restrain  bleeding-  wounds,  &c. 

Aucrus  CALYX.    Having  an  outer  row  of  leafets  ;  as  the  Dandelion. 

AWL-FORM,  16. 

AWL-POINTED.    Acuminate. 

AWN.  A  short  slender  process,  or  stiff  beard,  proceeding-  from  the 
top  or  back  of  glumes,  or  chaff. 

AXIL.  The  arm-pit.  Applied  to  vegetables,  it  means  the  angle  form- 
ed by  the  meeting  of  a  leaf  or  petiole  wiih  the  stem,  or  of  a  branch 
with  the  main  stem. 

AXILLARY.     Any  thing  growing  from  the  axils. 

BANNER.     The  upper  petal  in  a  papilionaceous  flower. 

BARK,  14. 

BASIS.  Base.  The  part  of  a  s< em,  leaf,  flower,  &c.  nearest  to  the 
place  through  which  it  derives  its  nutriment. 

BEAKED.    Terminated  by  a  process,  formed  like  a  bird's  bill. 

BELL-FORM,  10.     BERRY,  12. 

BIENNIAL.  Springing  up  one  summer,  flowering-  and  dying  the  next, 
as  wheat. 

BlPINNATE,    18. 

BIPINNATIFID.  Doubly  pinnatifid.  When  the  divisions  of  apinnatifid 
leaf  are  cut  in,  or  pinnatifid  again, 

BlTERNATE,    17. 

BOAT-FOHM.  Hollow  one  side  with  a  compressed  longitudinal  ridge 
on  the  opposite  side. 

BORDER  in  LICHENS.  The  edging  of  their  receptacles  (apothecium.) 
It  is  proper,  when  of  the  same  substance  and  colour  of  the  recepta- 
cle. It  is  accessory,  when  of  a  different  substance  or  colour  from 
the  disk  of  the  receptacle. 

BRACT,  18.     BRANCHING,  14. 

BRISTLE -FORM.     Nearly  opposite  to  a  bristle  in  length  and  breadth. 

BRISTLY,  17.    BULBOUS  ROOT,   14. 

BUTTONS,  Tricce.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens  which  when 
magnified  resembles  a  coiled  horsehair.  They  are  roundish,  -es-ilet 
unexpanding,  compact,  black  and  solid  ;  continued  along  their  whole 
Surface.  Upper  side  they  are  in  concentric,  or  coiled,  plaited  and 
twisted  folds  ;  covered  every  where  with  the  same  membrane ; 
containing  seeds  without  cells,  or  cases.  Smith. 

CADUCOUS.  Any  part  of  a  plant  is  caducous*  which  falls  off  earlier, 
compared  with  other  parts  of  the  same  plant,  than  is  usual  f  T  sim- 
ilar parts  in  most  plants.  As  the  calyx  of  the  poppy  tails  off  before 
the  corol  is  hardly  expanded. 

CAHSPITOSE.  Turfy.  Several  plants  growing  together,  or  from  the 
same  root,  forming  a  turf. 

CALYCLED.     See  aucius. 

CALYPTRA,  10.     CALYX,  9.    CAMS,  14. 

CAPILLARY,  Hair  tbrm  ;  longer  than  bristle-form,  in  proportion  to  it* 
thickness. 

CAPITATE.    Head-form  5  growing  in  heads, 
12. 


C  0  M 

CAKIVATE.     See  keeled. 

CARTILAGINOUS  Hard  and  somewhat  flexible.  It  applies  tq  a  leaf, 
when  it  is  b'umd  around  with  a  strong  margin,  different  from  the 
dik  of  the  leaf. 

CARYOPHTLLEOUS,  11 

CATKIN.     See  ament. 

CATHARTICS  rubstunees  whieh  stimu-ate  the  intestines  so  as  to  has- 
ten and  ir.crcnse  evacuations. 

CAULINE.     ('.rowing  on  the  main  stem. 

CAUSTICS.  Subst  nces  whicli  correde,  burn  or  dissolve  the  part  with 
which  they  c  me  in  contact.  . 

CELL.  The  hollow  part,  or  cavity  of  a  pericarp  or  anther.  It  is  more 
.generally  applied  to  the  cavities  of  pericarps,  where  seeds  are  lo.dg- 
ed.  Acc.m'-i  .<g  to  the  numbers  of  these  the  pericarps  are  Culled 
one  celled,  two-celled,  &.C. 

CELLULAR  INTEGUMENT,   14. 

C-ELLULK*,  cisivla.  That  kin<l  of  receptacle  oflichens,  which  is  glo. 
bose,  terminal  and  f  jrmed  of  the  substances  of  the  frond.  It  is 
filled  with  uncouted  seeds,  intermixed  with  fibres  ;  at  length  it 
bursts  irregularly.  Smith 

CKSPITOSK.     See  Cccspuose. 

CHANNELLED.  Hollowed  out  longitudinally  with  a  raunded  groove  of 
considerable  depth. 

CILTATE,  17.     CLASPING,  17. 

CLAVATE.     Club-form.     Growing  larger  towards  the  end. 

CLAW.  The  lower  narrow  part  of  a  petal  by  which  it  is  fixed  on  the 
calyx  or  receptacle.  It  can  cxis'  only  in  Polypetalous  corols. 

CLEFT.  Split  down,  not  exceeding  halfway  to'the  base  ;  with  nearly 
Strait  edges  on  both  sides  of  the  fissure.  The  parts  into  which  it  is 
sp'it  are  numbered  in  desc  ipums  ;  as  onc^  sp'ii  making  two  divisi- 
ons, i-i  called  2  cleft  ;  two  splits,  3-clefi,  &c. 

CLEFTS,  Urell*.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is  open, 
elongated,  sessile,  bluck,  very  narrow  or  linear,  with  a  somewhat 
spongy  disk  ;  the  border  is  parallel  on  each  side  and  proper.  Some- 
times it  has  an  accessory  border  from  the  crust  besides.  The  clefts 
are  either  simple  and  solitary  ;  or  aggregate,  confluent  and  branch- 
.€d.  Smith. 

CLIMBING.  Ascending  by  means  of  tendrils,  as  grapes  :  by  leaf-stalks 
as  virgin's  bower  ;  bycauUne  radicles,  or  rootlets,  as  the  creepi.'ig- 
American  .ivy,  (rhiis-radi- flns.)  It  differs  from  twining,  which  see. 

CLUB-FORM.     See  clavate.    COBWEBHED.     See  arachnoideus. 

COCHLEATE.     Coiled  spirally,  like  a  snail-shell. 

COILED.  Twisted  like  a  rope  ;  or  rather  resembling  the  form  of  one 
thread  of  a  rope,  after  the  other  threads  are  removed, 

CoLOUnZD.       COLUMELLA,    12. 

COMMON.  Any  part  is  common,  which  serves  to  include  or  sustain 
several  parts,  similar  among  themselves, 

perianth      Includi-ig  several  florets  ;  as  in  the  thistle. 

— invulncre.     Surrounding  the  base  of  the  pedunclts,  in  an  Umbel, 

which  are  subdivided  above. 
This  term  is  often  used  for  frequent  aUo. 


154  15  E  f 

COMPLETE,     Having  both  calyx  and  corol. 

Co>rrovsD,   13. 

CONIC.     With  a  broad  uase  and  approaching  a  poiat  towards  the  top. 

COS  STATE,    IT. 

CONTRA.     See  partition. 

Cox  VERGING.     Approaching1,  or  bending  towards  each  other. 

CONVEX.     Swelling  wit  in  a  roundish  form. 

COHCLE,    12.       CORDATE,     !  5. 

CORIACEOUS.     Leathery  or  parchment-like. 

CONVOKED.  Having  angles  ov  corners.  Three-cornered,  four-corner- 
ed, &.c.  is  often  expressed  trigonua,  &e. 

COROL,  9.     CORTMB,  13.     Cu'rn.Knoy,  12. 

COWLED.  When  the  edges  meet  below  and  expand  above,  and  gener- 
ally separate  ;  as  the  spathe  of  the  antm,  Indian  turnip. 

CREEPING,  14.     CUES-ATE.   16. 

CRESTED.  Having  an  appendage  somewhat  resembling  a  cock's  comb 
in  form. 

CRUCIFORM,   II.     CRrrTOoAiffors,  9.     CFT.M,  15. 

CcLMiFEROtTs.     Having  cidms. 

CUPFORH.     Hollow  within,  resembling  a  little  cup. 

CUSPIDATE.  Having  a  sharpened  point  and  that  tipped  with  a  bristle, 
a  prickle,  or  lengthened  apex,  not  curved.  See  mucronate  and  ob- 
serve the  distinction  ;  also  acuminate. 

CUTICLE,  14. 

CTATHIFOHM.  Wineglass-form.  Gylindric,  widening  gradually  up- 
wards, margin  not  revolute. 

CVLINDRIC.  A  circular  shaft,  of  nearly  equal  diameter  throughout  its 
whole  extent. 

CYME,  13. 

DECIDUOUS.  Falling  off  in  the  usual:  season  for  similar  parts  to  fall ; 
as  leaves  falling  at  the  decline  of  the  year  ;  corols  fulling  off  at  the 
time  the  stamens  fall,  See.  See  caducous  and  permanent. 

DECUMBENT.  When  the  base  is  erect,  and  the  remainder  lies  on  the 
ground.  It  applies  to  stems,  stamens,  &c. 

DECUHREST,   17. 

DCCUSSATE.  When  leaves  or  branches  are  opposite  in  pairs,  and  each 
pair  stands  at  right  angles  with  the  next  pair  above  or  below  on  the 
same  stem. 

DEFLECTED.     Bending  down  archwise. 

DXHISCKHT.     The  nat  ural  opening  of  capsules  in  the  proper  season. 

DELTOID.  A  leaf  with  four  corners  ;  that  is,  one  at  the  stem,  one  at 
the  apex,  and  one  each- side  ;  but  the  side  ones  are  nearer  to  the 
base  than  to  the  apex.  When  the  side  angles  are  about  as  near  to 
the  apex  as  to  the  base,  il  is  called  a  rhombtid  leaf.  Both  kinds 
are  called  diamondfortn  in  English. 

DETPSE.  Close,  compact.  A  panicle  with  abundance  of  flowers  Very 
close  is  dense.  See  thyrse. 

DENTATE.     Toothed.  . 

DENTICULATE.    Having  very  em  all  teeth . 

DEOBSTHTJESTS.    Substances  which  remove  obstructions 
Substances  calculated,  for  cleansing1. 


E  Q  U  155 

DIAPHORETICS.    'Those  sccernaiit  stimulants  which  promote  perspir- 
ation more  particularly. 
DICHOTOMOUS.     Forked.     Stem,  &c.  parted    in  pairs,     each    branch 

parted  in  pairs  again,  and   so  on.     When  it  is  parted  but  once  it  ia 

more  properly  called  forked. 

DIHYNAMOUS.     Belonging"  to,  or  varying  into  the  class  didvnamia. 
DIFFUSED.     Spreading.     Expanded  in  an  open  loose  manner. 
DIGITATE      Fingered.     When  the  base  of  several  leafets  rest  on  the 

end  of  one  petiole  ;  as  the  strawberry  and  fivefinger. 
DILATED.     Expanded,  widened. 

DIOECIOUS.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into  the  class  diacia. 
DISCOID.     Having  a  disk  without  rays. 
DISK.  The  whole  surface  of  a  leaf,   or  of  the  top  of  a  compound  flou'- 

er,  as  opposed  to  its  edge  or  periphery.     This  term  is  also  applied 

to  the  aggregate  florets  of  an   umbel. 
DiS8iLtE>s.     A  pericarp  is  dissihent,  when  it  burs' s  open  with  a  spring, 

as  the  touch-me-not,  (impntiens  ) 
DIUIIKTICS.     Those  secernant  stimulants  which  increase  urine  more 

particularly 
DIVARICATE.     Branches  spreading  out  from  the  stem  so  far.  as  to  form 

more  than  a  right  an^le  with  it  above. 
DIVERGING.     Branches  spreading  out  from  the  stem  so  far  as  to  form 

almost  a  right  angle  \\ith  it. 
DORSAL.     Fixed   to  the    back.     Awns  are  d<-rsal,  when  proceeding 

from  the  outside  of  a  glume  and  not  from  the  tip. 
DOWJT  OR  BOWST,   17.     DRUPE,   1U2. 

DRUPACEOUS,     Bearing  drupes,  or  fruit  resembling  them. 
EARED.     This  term  applies  ;  1st  to  ihe  round  extended,  or  ^ppendaged 

lobes  of  a  heart-form  leaf:  2d,  to   he  sid    lobes  near  the  base  of  ome 

leaves  :  and  3d,  to  twisted  parts,  in  some  ferns  and  some  liverworts, 

which  are  supposed  to  resemble  the  .conchus,  or  passage  into  the  eajr. 
ECHINATE.     Hedge-hog-like.    Beset  with  erect  prickles. 
EGGJOHM.     See  ovate. 
EGRET.     See  aigrette, 
ELASTIC.     See  dissiliena. 
ELIPTK-,     t.onger  than  wide,  rounded  at  or  near  both  ends,  and  near- 

ly  equal  in  breadth  towards  both  base  and  apex. 
ELONGATED.     Lengthened  out,  as  if  extended  beyond  what  is  usual 

in  similar  parts. 
EMARGINATK,  17. 

EMETICS.     Substances  which  excite  vomiting. 
EMOLLIENTS.     Substances   which  soften   tumors   or    any  hardness  or 

dryness  of  the  skin. 
ENSIFOR*.     Swcrd-form.     Two-edged,    tapering  from  base  to  apex 

mostly,  and  a  little  arching  towar.ib  one  ecke  ;  as  flag  and  cut-JaiJ, 

(Iris  and  Typha.) 
ENTIRE.     Coiuimied  without  interruption.  A  margin  of  a  Isaf,  calyx, 

corol,  Soc.  is  antire,  when  it  is  neither  seriate,  toothed,  notched, 

nor  in  any  manner  indented. 

Similar  parts  equjil  among  themselves.  The  calyx,  ccrol,  &c. 


i$6  O  E  K 

are  equal,  when  the  leafet.*,   petals,  or  subdivisions,  are  similar  i.i 
form,  size  and  direction.     Opposed  to  unequal, 

ERECT.     Upright. 

'EuosE.  Gnawed.  Unequally  sinuuted  as  if  the  sinuses  had  been  eaten 
by  insects. 

EVERGREENS.  Such  plants  as  retain  their  leaves  throughout  the  year, 
a*  while  pine,  laurtl,.  Sec. 

EXOTIC.  Plants  not  g  owing  spontaneously  in  a  wild  state  in  that  par- 
ticular  country,  or  section  of  a  country. 

EXSERT.  Standing  cut.  Stamens  are  exsert  when  protruded  oat  ef 
the  corol*. 

FACTITIOUS  character.     Added  to  more  essential  distinctions. 

FAMINES.     See  genUs. 

FASCICLE    13.     A  bundle. 

FASCICLED.  17. 

FASTIGIATE.     Level-topped. 

FAUX.  Jaws.  The  thror»t  or  opei  ing  into  a  corol.  That  precise  spof, 
where  the  tubular  part  of  a  lingent  corol  begins  to  separate  or  ex- 
pand into  lips  or  mouth,  is  \he  faux. 

FIBRE.     Arfy  thread-form  part.       FIBROUS,  14.     FILAMENT,  11. 

FILIFORM.     Thread-like. 

FISSURE.     A  cleft  bf  slitted  aperture. 

FLEXUOSE.     Bending  and  frequently  changing  direction. 

FLORET.  Little  flower.  Whether  the  flower  is  large  or  small,  it  is 
a  floret,  if  it  is  one  of  a  number  all  of  which  constitute  an  aggregate 
or  compound. 

FOLLICLE.  A  pericarp  with  one  valve,  which  opens  lengthwise  on  one 
side  only  ;  as  milk-weed  (asclepias.) 

FOOTSTALK.     Si  e  peduncle  and' petiole,  it  is  put  for  both. 

FORKED.     See  dichotomous.         FROND,   15. 

FRUCTIFICATION.  "  The  temporary  part  of  vegetables,  which  is  des- 
tined for  the  reproduction  or' the  species,  te. minating  the  old  indi- 
vidual and  beginning  the  new." 

FRUIT-DOTS.     Assemblages  of  capsules  on  the  bucks  of  ferns. 

FUGACIOUS.     Soon  disappearing.     Flying  oft'. 

FUSSEL-FOR:M,  10.     FURROWED.    Seesalca'e. 

FUSIFORM-.     Spindle-form. 

GALLS.  EXCHESEXCES  produced  by  the  stings  of  insects.  The  balls 
found  on  oaks  which  are  used  in  dyeing,  the  common  large  green, 
oak -balls,  the  singular  green  lumps  found  on  the  wild  honey-suckle, 
&c.  are  example-. 

GASHED.     Sieincis'ed.        G^XERAL.     See  partial. 

GENERIC  NAME.     The  name  of  ;i  genus. 

GEXICULATE.  Kneer!.  Forming  a  very  ob  use  angle,  like  a  moderate 
bending  of  the  knee. 

C-EXTF.3.  Nations.  Linneus  divided  pl.nts  into  nine  great  natural 
tribes  or  c:  sts.  1.  PALXS  (palnriSe  ;)  as  the  date  and  cocoa-nut.  ?. 
GRASSES  (grr.mina ;)  as  wheat,  Indi«in-covn,  sugar 'cune,  rice,  timothy- 
gr;iS>,  5cc.  3.  LILI.IES  (lilia  ;)  as  lily,  tulip,  I'uflbdil,  Sec.  4.  HERBS 
••(herbse  ;)  us  thiotles,  nettles,  pease,  m-nt,  potatoes,  hemp,  pU;nt;.ir>, 
Tweets,  and  all  other  lierbkceous  plants  except  the  above.  5.  Tnc£s 


INt)  157 

(arWes  ;)  as  oak,  chesnut,  pine,  willow,  dogwood,  currants,  lilac, 
whortleberry,  cranberry,  and  all  other  plants  with  a  woody  stem.  6. 
PERKS  (filices  ;)  as  brake,  polypod,  maidenhair,  ground  pine,  and  all 
other  plants  of  this  order,  which  see.  7.  MOSSES  (musci.)  See 
the  order.  8.  ALG^  This  tribn  include,  the  plants  of  the  orders, 
hepaticae,  alg*  and  fichenes,  which  see.  9.  FUNGI.  As  mushroom, 
toadstool,  puff  hall,  mould,  blight,  &c. 

GENUS,  (plural  genera.')  A  number  of  plants  which  agree  with  one  an- 
other in  the  habit  and  structure  of  the  flower  and  fruit. 

GERM,   11, 

GLABROUS.     Sleek.     Having-  no  pubescence. 

GLASD,   18. 

GLAUCOUS  Clothed  with  a  seagreen  mealiness,  which  is  easily  rub- 
bed  off.  It  is  sometimes  put  for  ,1  greenish-grey  colour. 

GLOBOSS.     Spherical,  round  on  all  sides  like  .t  ball. 

GLOBULES.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is  globose,  sol- 
id and  crustaceous,  formed  of  the  substance  of  the  frond,  and  ter- 
minating its  points  or  branches  ;  from  whence  they  ft  It  off  entire, 
leaving  a  pit  or  cavity.  They  are  supposed  to  be  covered  all  over 
with  a  coloured  seed-bearing  membrane.  Smith. 

GLUME,  10. 

GLUTINOUS.     Having  on  some  part  more  or  less  of  adhesive  moisturS. 

GNAWED.     See  erose.         GRANULATE,  14. 

GROOVED.     See  sulcatc.         GUITAR-FORM,  16. 

HABITAT.  The  native  residence  of  plants  ;  or  the  situation  wherein 
they  grow  most  naturally. 

HABIT.  The  external  appearance  of  a  plant  by  a  general  view  of  which 
we  know  it  without  attending  to  any  of  its  essential  characters, 

A  knowledge  of  the  habit  of  plants  is  to  be  acquired  ;  by  fir-t  see- 
ing1 them  in  a  growing  state,  and  dien  by  repeatedly  reviewing  them 
in  a  HERBARIUM. 

HUBERT-FORM,    16.  HASTATE.  HEAD,    13. 

HERBACEOUS.     Not  woody.         HERBAGE,   15. 

HKBBAUIUSI.     A  collection  of  dned  plants. 

HEXAGONAL.     Six-cornered.         HILUM,  12. 

HIRSUTE.     Rough-haired. 

HISPID.     Bristly.     Beset  with  stiff  hairs. 

HOLLOWS,  (thabmia.)  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is 
spherical,  nearly  closed,  lodged  in  the  substance  of  the  frond,  lined 
with  its  proper  coat,  under  which  are  cells  2  or  4-seeded.  Each 
hollow  finally  opens  by  an  oriftce  in  the  surface  of  the  frond  above. 
Smith. 

HOODED.     See  cowled. 

HORIZONTAL.  Parallel  to  the  horizon.  Leaves  are  horizontal,  when 
they  form  right  angles  with  erect  stems. 

HOHN.     Sec  spur. 

IMBRICATE,   17.     IMPERFECT.     Wanting  the  stamen  or  pistil, 

JycisxD.     Cut  in  like  a  gash  with  a  knife. 

INCURVED      Bent  inwards. 

INDIGENOUS.  Plants,  growing  naturally  and  originally  in  a  country,  a££ 
indigenous  to  t!»atcountry. 

Becoming-  hard,  tough,  or  leathery. 


158  L  U  R 

INFERIOR.  Below.  A  calyx  or  corol  is  inferior  when  it  comes  out  be- 
low the  germ.  See  germ. 

INFLATED.     Appearing  as  if  blown  up  with  wind.   • 
INFLEXED,  infexus.     The  same  as  incurved. 

IXFLORESCENCE,    13.       INTERRUPTEDLY  PINNATE,    18. 

INTRODUCED.  Not  originally  native,  Broug-ht  from  some  other  coun- 
try. 

INVOLUCRE,  9. 

Involucres  of  ferns  generall  lie  on  the  tops  of  the  capsules,  like  a 
piece  of  linen  spread  out  to  dry.  They  are  said  to  open  inwards, 
when  they  separate  from  the  frond  so  as  to  leave  the  capsules  naked 
on  the  side  next  the  midrib. 

IK  VOLUTE.     Rolled  inwards. 

IRREGULAR.  Differing1  in  figure,  size,  or  proportion  of  parts,  among 
themselves. 

KEEL,  11. 

KEELFD.     Having  a  ridge  resembling  the  keel  of  a  boat  or  ship. 

KiDNEY-FORii,  16. 

KNEED.     See  geniculate. 

JVNOBS  (Cephalodia.)  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is 
convex,  more  or  less  globular,  covered  externally  with  a  coloured 
«eed-bearing  crust,  and  placed  generally  at  the  extremities  of  stalks, 
originating  from  the  frond,  permanent  ;  rarely  sessile.  Sometimes 
they  are  at  first  spangles  on  filamentous  lichens,  and  afterwards  be- 
come convex  irregular  knobs.  They  are  simple,  compound  or  con- 
glomerate. Smith. 

LABIATE,  10. 

LACERATED;  lacerus.  Torn.  Cut,  or  apparently  torn  into  irregular 
segments. 

LAMINA.  Thin  plate.  The  broad  upper  part  of  the  petal  of  a  poly- 
pet^lous  corol. 

LANCEOLATE,  16 

LANCE-OYATE,  Sec.  Partaking  of  the  lanceolate  form  and  of  that  with 
which  it  is  compounded. 

LATERAL.     On  one  side. 

LEAFET,  or  LEAFLET,  One  of  the  lesser  leaves  which,  with  others, 
constitue  a  compound  leaf.  A  simple  leaf  is  never  a  leafet,  how- 
ever small. 

LEGUME,  12. 

LIGULATE.  That  kind  of  floret,  in  some  compound  flowers,  which 
consists  of  a  single  strap-like  petal  which  becomes  tubular  at  the 
base  only  ;  as  all  the  florets  in  a  dandelion,  and  the  ray  florets  in  a 
sunflower. 

LILIACEOUS,  11. 

LIMB.     The  broad  spreading  part  of  the  petal  of  a  monopetalous  corol. 

LINEAR,  \6 

Li  ON -TOOT  HE  i)      See  auncinate. 

LOBE.  Divisions,  which  are  rounded,  or  parted  by  rounded  or  curved 
incisions. 

LOB  ED,   16. 

LOMENT      A  legume  pod  with  transverse  partitions. 

Of  a  palish,  dull,  deathly  colour.    Most  plants  with  lurid 


0  B  L  159 

petals  are  more  or  less  poisonous  ;  as  tobacco,  henbane,  thorn-apple. 

E.YRATE,    16. 

LYRATE-PIJTNATE.     Pinnute  with  the  odd  terminal  leafet  largest. 
MAXY.     Whenever  'here  are  more  than  are  usually  numbered  ;  as  we 

say,  1- seeded,  2-seeded,  3-seeded,  4-s^eded,  many-seeded. 
MAHGINATED.     Having  a  margin  different  in  some  measure  from  the 

disk. 

MATURE.      Full-grown,  but  not  entered  upon  a  state  of  decay. 
MEMBRAXACEOUS  or  MEMBRANE.     Made  up,  appai-ntly,   of  the  two 

plates  of  the  cuticle,  without  any  cellular  integument  between  them. 

Nearly  transparent,  very  thin  ami  often  colourless. 
MIDRIB".     The  main  or  middle  rib  of  a  leaf  running  from  the  stem  to 

the  apex. 
MONCKCIOUS.     Belonging  to,  or  van, ing  into,  the  class  monacia. 

MojfOPKTAlOUS,    10.       MONOPHYLLOUS,    9 

MOXSTBOUS.  Plants  producing  nny  part  different  from  the  same  part, 
when  growing  wild.  As  the  rose  has  but  five  peials  in  a  wild  state  ; 
but  by  rich  cultivation  in  gardens,  the  stamens  are  mostly  changed 
to  petals.  Carnations  and  peony  are  examples  alse.  These  are  all 
monsters. 

MUCRONATE.  Having  a  rounded  end,  tipped  with  a  prickle  ;  which 
often  appears  rather  an  extension  of  the  midrib. 

MUIUCATE.  Armed  with  sharp  spines.  Covered  with  subulate  prick- 
tea 

NAKED.  Wanting  a  covering  analagous  to  that  of  most  plants.  As 
stem  without  leaves,  leaves  without  pubescence,  corol  without  a 
calyx,  seed  without  a  pericarp,  receptacle  without  chaff,  pubes- 
cens,  &c. 

NARCOTICS.  Those  poisons  which,  in'small  doses,  stimulate  at  first  and 
promote  secretions  ;  afterwards  induce  dulness  and  sleep.  But  in 
large  doses  produce  delirium,  convulsions  and  death.  Some  narco- 
tics inflame  the  stomach. 

NATAST.     Floating 

NECTARY.  That  part  of  a  flower,  which  secretes  honey.  It  is  either 
a  distinct  horn,  gland,  spur,  scale,  cup,  &c.  or  the  claw  or  some 
other  part  of  the  corol  secreting  honey.  This  name  is  applied  to 
any  appendage  to  the  flower,  which  has  no  other  name. 

NERVED,   17.     NEUTRAL,  13. 

NODDING.     See  nutans. 

NUCLEUS.  Nut  or  kernell.  The  inner  seed  or  kernel  is  properly  the 
nucleus  ;  and  its  hard  shell  is  the  putamen.  But  the  whole  includ- 
ing both  putamen  and  nucleus,  is  the  nut,  nux. 

NUT.     See  nucleus. 

NUTANT.  nutana.  Nodding.  When  above  half  of  whatever  it  is  ap> 
plied  to,  droops  or  hangs  down. 

NUTRIENTICS.     Substances  which  serve  for  food. 

OBCORDATE,  15. 

OBLANCEOLATE.     Lanceolote  with  the  base  narrowest. 

OBIIQ.UE,  obliquus  A  position  between  horizontal  and  vertical  ;  Of 
between  the  perpendicular  and  the  plane  of  the  base.  It  is  also  ap- 
plied to  leaves,  petals,  calyxes,  &c.  which  are,  as  it  were,  cut  obli- 
quely ;  or  whose  bases  are  shorter  en  one  side  than  on  the  other. 


160  P  I  T 

ODLOWG,  15,     QSOVATK,  15. 

OBSOLETE.  When  teeth,  notehes,  serratures,  &c.  are  obscure  and  ap,- 
pear  as  if  worn  out. 

OBTUSE,  17. 

OFFICINALIS.  Such  plants  as  are  sold  in  the  shops  for  some  use,  either 
i  medicine  or  the  arts. 

OPPOSITE,  )7.     ORBICULAR.   15. 

ORBS.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is  flat,  orbicular 
and  dilaied,  of  the  substance  of  the  frond,  terminal, peltate,  without 
a  border,  but  often  surrounded  wnh  radiating  shoots.  The  mem. 
brane,  or  disk  under  which  the  seeds  are  lodged,  is  smooth,  nearly 
of  the  colour  of  the  frond.  Spurious  orbs  bordered  like  shields  or 
spangles  when  young1,  are  sometimes  found  in  the  genus  cerw'cufc* 
ria.  Smith. 

OVAL,  15.      OTATE,  15.      PALMATE,  16.      PANICLE,  13. 

PAPILIONACEOUS,  1  ! . 

PARALLEL.  Two  lines  or  opposite  sides,  running  nearly  equal  distao* 
ces  from  each  other. 

PARASITIC.     Drawing-  support  from  another  plant.     Crowing  out  of 

ano'her  ;  as  rhe  dodder. 

.PARTIAL.  Particular  not  general  The  perianth,  involucre,  petiole, 
&c.  of  one  floret,  or  of  a  separate  part  of  all  the  florets,  which  with 
others  constitute  a  compound  or  nggregate. 

PARTITION.  The  membrane.  8tc.  which  divides  pericarps  into  cells. 
It  is  parallel,  when  it  unites  with  the  valves  where  they  unite  with 
each  other.  It  is  contrary  or  transverse,  when  it  meets  a  valve  in 
the  middle,  or  in  am  part  not  at  its  suture,  or  juncture  whh  aBotiieiv 

PARTED,  partitus.    Deeply  divided,  almost  to  the  base. 

PEDATE,    16. 

PEUICEL      A  partial  peduncle. 

PEDUNCLE,  15.     PELTATE,  17. 

PENDULOUS.     When  the  whole  of  the  part  droops,  or  hangs  downv 

PEHENXIAL.     Continuing  more  than  two  years. 

PERFECT  FLOWER,  13.     PERFOLIATE,   17. 

PERFORATE.     Having  holes  as  if  pricked  through. 

PERIAXTH,  9.     PERICARP,  9. 

PERISTOME.  The  fringe,  teeth,  or  membrane,  around  the  mouth  of 
the  capsules  of  mosses,  under  the  lid. 

PERMANENT.  Any  part  of  a  plant  is  permanent,  which  remains  longer 
compared  with  other  parts  of  the  same  plant,  than  is  usual  for  simi- 
lar parts  in  most  plants.  As  the  calyx  of  the  quince  remains  on  the 
end  of  the  fruit,  till  it  ripens. 

PERSONATE,  10 

P£TAL.  The  coloured  leaf  or  leaves  of  the  corol.  The  petal  of  a  mono- 
pel  alous  corol  is  divided  into  the  tube  and  limb.  Each  petal  of  a 
polypetalous  corol  is  divided  into  the  claw  and  lamina. 

PETAL-FORM.     Resembling  a  petal  in  shape. 

PETIOLE,  15.     PHAHEROGAMOUS,  PUCESOGAMOVS,  9. 
PILETJS.     The  hat  of  a  fungus. 

PILOSE.     Hairy. 

PINNATE,  18.    PINKATIFIB,  16.    PISTILLATE  JI.OWEJI,  13.    PISTIL,  9, 

PJTCBEB-FOIWC.    See  urceelate. 


PUN  161 

PITH,  14. 

PITS,  (.cypheflat.)  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lirhens,  which  consists 
of  open,  cup-like,  naked,  white  or  yellow  little  spots,  on  the  under 
side  of  the  frond  ;  which  is  generally  downv.  They  are  at  first 
immersed,  r^bose,  minate  do\s,  which  at  length  burst  with  an  ir- 
regular margin,  and  discharge  a  powder. 

PLATTED.     Folded  somewhat  like  a  tan,  when  nearly  full  spread. 

PLANT.  Any  substance  growing  from  seed.  As  trees,  grass,  puff-ball, 
mould. 

PLUMOSE.     Feather-like. 

PLUMOSE  egret.  Feather-like  down.  When  a  hair  has  other  hairs 
arranged  on  opposite  sides  of  it. 

POD  That  kind  ofpericarp  which  is  composed  of  two  valves  with  the 
seeds  attached  to  one  or  both  sutures,  or  a  longitudinal  partivion  at 
the  edges  immediately  adjoining  the  sutures.  The  pod  is  either  a 
legume  or  silique. 

POLLED,  11. 

POLYADELPHIA.  (JPfcfos,  many  ;  adefyhos,  brother.)  Many  brother- 
boods.  The  name  of  the  abolished  eighteenth  class  as  first  estab- 
lished by  Linneus.  This  class  includes  all  plants  with  perfect 
flowers, 'whose  stamens  are  united  by  theii-  filaments  in  three  or. 
m  re  sets,  or  brotherhoods. 

POLYADELPHOUS.  Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  polyadel- 
phia. 

PoLT&A^tiA.  The  name  of  the  twenty-third  class  as  established  by 
Linneus.  It  comprises  all  plants,  which  have  some  perfect  flowers, 
and  others  which  are  staminate  and  pistillate,  or  both  kinds  This 
class  is  divided  into  three  orders.  1.  Jtlviieecia,  having  p>.  .feet  ff<nf- 
ers  and  ei  her  staminate  o1  pistillate  ones  or  both  on  the  same  plants. 
2.  JJicecia,  having  perfect  flowers  on  some  plants,  and  either  st  mi- 
nate or  pistillate  flowers  on  others  of  the  same  species.  3.  Tricecia, 
having  perfect  flowers  on  some  plants,  staminate  on  others,  and  nis- 
tiliate  on  others  of  the  same  species.  This  cl;-ss  like  the  18th,  is 
abolished  by  Persoon  and  others,  and  the  plants  under  it  distribtitf 
ed  anv.-ng  the  other  classes. 

POLYGAMOUS.     Varyi>  g  into,  or  inclining  to,  the  class  pihtgamia. 

POi.YPETALOtrS,     it)         POLYPHYLLOUS,    9.       PojffE,     1 2.      PlUCKLE,     18. 

PRISMATIC.     Linear  with  several  flattish  sides.     A  cylinder  with  flat 

sides. 

PROCESS.     A  projecting  part. 
PROCUMBENT.     Lying  on  the  ground. 
PROLIFEROUS.     Putting  forth  branches  or  flowers  from  ther centre  of 

the  top  of  a  preceding  one. 
PROPER,   12. 

PUBKSCENT.    Hairy,  having  hai^s,  wool,  dmvn.  glandular  hairs,  Sec. 
PUFFS,  (pilidia.)     That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  consists 

of  Irttle  mund  boruered  knobs,  whose  disk  finally  turns  to  f  owder. 

It  is  nt  firs-  covd'-'d  with  a  membrane  and  often  clo'hed  wi  h  a  fine 

grey  hoariness.     These  recq>tacles  :»re  elongated  below  into  a  stalk 

fix.d  to  the  crust,  but  'o..,lly  diff'e.-ent  from  it. 
PUNCTATE.    Dotted  or  sprinkled  with  coloured,  generally  diaphanous, 

specks.     See  pcifurated. 

O  2 


162  S  E  G 

PUTAMEX.     Nut-shell.     See  nucleus. 

QUALITIES  OF  PLANTS  Richard  says  that  plants  of  the  same 
and  odour,  ar<  generally  posseted,  of  simi'ar  qu  U:ies.  Also  that 
ih  smell  and  taste  are  always  the  s^mc.  II  divides  the  odours  of 
plan  s in  o,  1.  Frugruni.  2  ~droinatic-  3.  Jlmbrosiac  (resembling 
amber.)  4.  Alliaceous  (resembln.j,  garlic.)  5.  Fetid  (as-asalioetida, 
&c  )  &.  Nauseous  (causing-  the  sioimxh  o  heavt-.)  As  the  fragrant, 
the  aromatic  and  ambro  iuc,  are  always  free  from  all  hurtful  quali- 
ties, and  us  ti<e  fetid  an<;  ^nu^eous  are  generally  poisonous  ;  it 
stems  that  mankind  have  in  some  measure  an  instinctive  principle 
by  which  food  is  to  be  selected. 

RACEME,   13.     RACHIS,    12 

RADIATE.     The  spreading  florets   around  the  margin  of  a  compound 
flower      As  tne  Sunflower. 

RADICAL,   17. 

RADICLE.     The  Ihtle  fibrous  branches  proceeding  from  the  main  root.- 
The  outer  rnurg'in  or  circumference  ot  a  compound  flow  er. 

^   9. 

Curved  d'iwnwards. 

Bent  back,  nearly  or  quite  to  touch  the  stem  or  peduncle; 
HEEUIGEHASTS.    "'ubsta^ces  which  directly  reduce  the  heat  of 'he  body. 
REGULAR.     See  equal. 
RKMF  UM.     See  fcldneyrforda. 
RESUPINATE.     Upside  down. 

RETICULATE    Netted.  Having  veins  crossing  each  other  like  net-work* 
RETUSE,  17 

RIB      .V  nerve-like  support  to  a  leaf. 
RIGID.     Stiff,  ii.flf.xi'ive,  or  m.-t  pliable. 
Ri>o      The  b,*nd  arouiid  die  capsules  of  ferns  which  is  elastic. 

Rl     GE.VT,     11. 

ROOT,  14      ROSACEOUS,  II, 
ROTATE    Se>.  xvsie  l-lbrm. 

ROUGH      Covered  wi  h  dots,  which  am  harsh  to  the  touch. 
RUGOSE      Wri-.k'ed  w  liumped     Veins  m  r<  coutricted  '.han  the  disk^ 
-o  that  the  intermediate  pyrcnchyma  rises  up  between  ihera.^ 

RUNCINATE,     16. 

SABRE  FORM      .See  aeinaoform. 

SAR;TTATE      bee  urro\v  C.-.m. 

SALVETI  FOIOI,     U 

SAMARA      A  wn  ged  pericarp  not  opening-  by  valves  ;  as  the  Maple: 

SAUCKR-FOKM      Shaped  like  a  comt^on  U  a-sauce. . 

SCABIOUS.     Rough. 

SCALY     (k-veiv«;  more-    r  ic-- •   with  t>c;,lv     ppe  da^es,  as    Fern  roots  ; 

or  consisting  of  substance  ,  in  some  measure  resoiiibli-ig  coarse  fish* 

scales  ;  as  the  scales  ot  Liiy  roots. 

SCAPK,     15- 

Sc.uacus,  scuriosus      Dry  ai.d  membranous,  generally  transparent. 
ScATTtni.D.     S   .-.ding  witf  (<u.  any  regular  ordtr 
SCKOBICULATE.     Deep  r-  U!  cl  pits  on  the  receptacle  gives  it.  this  name. 
SECKUNANT 'ITIMCT.AK 's.     Substances  wLicb  eucrtase  perspirati' n,  or 

pr-irr-     \ he  secretion  of  o  her   substances  which  it  is  cUsirable  i» 

have  evacuaieu  fi  om  the  system. 


s  Q  tr 

SEGMENT.  The  parts  into  which  a  calyx,  eorol,  leaf,  Sec.  is  divide4 
or  cut. 

SEiiicKus.     See  Silky. 

SERRATE,  16 

SERRULATE.     When  a  serrate  leaf  has  the  teeth  serrate  again. 

SESSILE.  Sitting  clown.  When  a  leaf,  flower,  seed-down,  pileus  of  a 
fungus,  receptacle  of  a  lichen,  &c.  are  destitute- of  a  petiole,  pedun- 
cle, stipe,  -'-'c. 

SETACEOUS.     Bristle-form. 

SETOSE.     Bristly, 

SHAHP      Tapering1  to  a  point. 

SUHATH.     The  lengthening'  of  a  leaf  down  the  stem,  which  it  inclose^, 

SHEATHING,  17. 

SHIELDS,  scutMae.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is  open, 
orbicular,  saucer-like.  The  underside  and  border  i<re  of  the  sub- 
stance and  colour  oj  Uie  frond  The  disk  is  of  a  different  colour 
and  substance  from  the  border  and  frond,  containing  the  seeds  in 
extremely  minute  vertical  cells  The  shields  are  thick  and  tumid, 
wnen  they  are  sessile  ;  and  membranous  when  stalked  or  elevated- 
Very  rarely  they  areperfora'ed  in  the  centre.  Smith. 

SILICJ.E.     A  little  silique,  whose  length  and  breadih  are  nearly  equal. 

SILIQ.UK,  11 

SILIQ.UK  K  'WM.    Shaped  like  a  silique  without  its  essential  character* 

SILKY,    17.     SIMPLE,   12.     SINUATE,   16. 

SINUATE-SERRATE.     Having  senvtures  hollowed  out. 

SOLITARY.  Standing  alone  or  very  distant  from  others  of  the  sam$ 
kind 

SOMEWHAT,  Used  as  a  diminutive  ;  implying  in  some  degree,  not 
iul  y.  President  Smith  tran«laie  sub,  by  somewhat,  when  combin- 
ed with  an  adj.eciive  ;.as  subtrifidus,  somewhat  three-cleft. 

SPADIX,  12. 

SPASGLES.  pa'.dlulx-  Open  and  orbicular,  like  «hieldst  but  sessile, 
and  not  formed  o>  any  part  of  the  crust,  frnm  whicij  tliey  diftV-  JQ 
colour  being  most  usually  black.  The  seeds  are  lodged  beneath 
the  fm-mbrane  that  covers  their  disk,  as  in  the  former,  and  the 
disk  U  surrounded  by  a  proper  bprder.  Their  seeds  are  observed 
to  be  naked  in  the  cellular  suintauce  of  the  di  ,k  not  enclosed  in 
oa:  s  Ui  k  som  timea  concave  or  flat,  oftener  convex  and  evea 
globose  without  any  apparent  b  rder  when  in  an  advance-. i  state. 

SPAT  HP.,    iO 

SPATULATS.  Roundish  aj»d  diminishing  into  a  long,  narrow  lineal? 
base. 

SPIKE,  13. 

SPIKELET;    Ore  of  the  subdivisions  of  a  spike. 

SriNDLKFOim,  14. 

SPINOSE.     Thorny. 

SPIRAL.     Twisted  like  a  screv/. 

SPUR  An  elongated  process  from  the  base,  or  frnm  near  the  base  of 
the  calyx  or  coi'ol.or  nectary,  somewhat  resembling  *  horn  or  cock's- 
s;ur. 

BQ.UA.RKOSK.  Ragged.  When  the  points  «;f  scales,  8tc.  bend  outwards, 
BO  as  to. make  .1  ragged  app^rance.  It  is  also  used  for  scurfy,  o? 
wheu  covered  with  a  bran-like  scurf, 


164  SAX 


STAMEN,  9.     STAXitfA-TB,  13. 

STELLATE.     Spreading*  out  in  a  radiate  manner.    Leaves   are  Stellate; 

when  three  or  more  surround  the  s^em  in  a  whnri 
STEM     The  main  base  or  supporter  of  the  fructification  and  herbage. 
STIGMA,    11.     STING     :8     STIPE.    15.     STIJULE,   18. 
STOMACHICS.     Subs<artce  s  which  directly  excite  and  strengthen  the  ac- 

tion of  the  stomach. 

STRIATB,  STREAKED.     Marked  or  grooved  with  slender  lines. 
STRIGOSE.     Armed  with  small,  close,  rigid  bristles,  which  are  thickest 

below. 

STROBILE,  12.    STYLI,  11. 

SUB     Used  in  combination  as  a  diminutive,  for  somewhat. 
SUBULATE.     See  awl-form. 

SULCATE,  sulcatus.     Furrowed.     Marked  with  deep  lines. 
SUPERIOR      A  calyx  or  corol  is  superior  when  it  proceeds  from  the 

upper  part  of  the  germ. 
SUTURE,     A  seam-like  appearance  at  the  meeting  of  two  parts  ;  as  the 

valves  of  pea-pods. 
SWORD-FORM.     See  ensiform. 
TEGUMENT,    12      TENDRIL,   18. 
TERETE.     Hound,  columnar  and  tapering-  from  the  base  to  the  other 

end 
TERMINAL.     Proeeeding  from  or  occupying  the  end  of  a  stem,  braneh, 

stvle,  &c. 

TERNATE,  17.    THORN,  or  SPIKE,  18. 
THROAT.     See  faux. 
THYRSE,  13.     TIDGE,    15. 
TOMENTOSK.     Covered  with  fine  downy  or  cottony  substance  matted 

together. 
Toxics.     Substances  which  give   strength  to  the  system.     They  are 

stimulants  which  are  permanent  in  their  operation. 
TOOTHED,    16. 
TOHULOSK,  torulosrts      With  swelling  ridges  or  humps,  Hke  the  musk- 

melon  o;    horse  radisi   pod. 
TRANSLUCENT.     Transnrnti;:g  light  faintly. 
THANSTEUSE.     Crosswise. 
TRIANGULAR.     Havi  ^  3   angles  or  corners.     It  is   applied  to  a  leaf 

with  3  points  or  corners. 
TBI  PINNATE      8. 
TRiPiNXATiFin.     A  pinnatifid  leaf,  with  the  divisions  pinnatifid,  and 

ti  ose  Lit  r  divisions  pmnatifl.l  again. 
THITERNATE,   \7. 

TRUNCATE.     Tlie  end  appearing  as  if  cut  eff. 
TUBE.     The  lower  hollow  cylinder  of  a  monopetalous  corol. 
TUBERCLES      That  kind  of  receptacle  of  iichms,    which  is   spherical 

or   slightly  conic,  nearly  closed,    crust;  ce.  us,  bL-ck  ;  more  or  .ess 

immerced  in  the   surfare  o     the  crustaceous  frond,  which  it  eleva- 

tes ;  <-r  sometimes  it  is  exposed,  ben.  g  merely  sessile.     E;tch  crm- 

tains  a  ball,  or  ma^s,  ot'cofnected  seeds,  destitute  of  cells,  envelo- 

ped i:»  a  common  membrane.    The  whole  mass  ot  seeds  is  at  length 

disci,  rgtd   t<  gather  by  an  orifice  at  the  top  of  the  tubercle.     W* 

often*  find  these  tubercles  after  the  seeds  ar  e  discharged, 


2  I  S 

TUBWROUS,  14. 

I'UBULOUS,  TUBVtosE.  That  corol  of  a  compound  flower,  which 
forms  a  whole  tube,  not  a  ligulate  floret.  It  is  also  applied  to  a 
perianth,  if  the  whole  or  the  lower  part  is  a  hollow  cylinder. 

TURBIWATE.     Top-form. 

TURBID.     Thickened,  swollen,  but  not  inflated. 

TwiMire.     Ascending  spirally. 

VALVE.  The  several  pieces  of  a  pericarp,  which  separate  naturally 
on  ripening-,  are  called  valves.  Also  the  leaves,  or  chaffs,  of  a 
glume  Each,  piece  is  called  a  valve.  This  name  is  sometimes 
applied  to  the  scales,  which  close  the  tube  in  some  corols. 

VARIETY.  The  changes  produced  among1  plants  of  the  same  species 
by  accidental  causes  ;  as  by  soil,  situation,  culture,  climate,  &c. 
These  changes  respect  magnitude,  fulmr,?  of  flowers,  erisping  of 
leares,  colour,  taste  and  smell.  If  the  same  kind  of  plant  can  pos- 
sibly be  produced  from  the  seed  of  other  kinds,  these  are  but  va- 
rieties of  the  same  species.  All  apples  are  but  varieties  of  the  same 
species. 

VAULTED.     Arched  over  like  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 

VEIXKD,  17. 

VBITTRICOSB.     Swelling  out  as  if  blown  up  with  wind. 

VERTICAL.  Standing  or  hanging  up  and  down  at  right  angles  with 
the  horizon  ;  or  parallel  to  the  stem. 

VESICULAR.     Containing,  or  consisting  of,  a  cellular  substance. 

VILLOSE,  villosus.  Having  a  superficial  covering  of  long  soft  whitish 
hairs. 

VISCID.    Covered  superficially  with  a  sticky  juice. 

UMBEL,  13. 

UMBELLIFEROUS.     Bearing  umbels  ;  as  Carrot,  Diil,  Fennel. 

UMBILICATE.  Having  a  kind  of  central  roundish  hollow  or  protubef- 
ance,  as  on  the  end  of  an  apple,  or  of  a  pompion. 

UKARMED.     Having  no  thorns  nor  prickles. 

URDU  LATE.     Wavy. 

UNEQ.UAL.     The  parts  not  corresponding  in  size,  form  and  duration* 

VOLVA,  10. 

URCEOLATE.  Swelling  out  like  a  pitcher,  and  not  contracting  much 
at  top. 

URN-FORM.  Swelling  in  the  middle  and  contracting  at  the  top  ;  as 
the  calyx  of  the  Rose. 

UTRICLES.    The  little  bag-like  reservoirs  for  sap. 

UTRICULTTS.     A  little  bladder. 

WEDGE-FORM.     Obovate  with  straitish  sides. 

WHEEL-FORM,  10. 

WHORLED-  Surrounding  the  stem  in  numbers  at  intervals  ;  as  the 
leaves  of  Bedstraw,  and  the  flowers  of  Motherwort. 

WIWGS.     The  two  side  petals  in  a  papilionaceous  corol. 

WITHERING.  Having  a  shrivelled  and  decaying  appearance,  though 
not  actually  in  a  state  of  de,cay  ;  as  the  flowers  of  elm. 

WOOD,  14. 

ZIGZAG.    See  flexuose. 


TO  THE  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


®  ^  £5  wvwv 


A.             Pagf. 

Brar  berry 

74 

Buckthorn         103,  112.  13Q 

AAROX's  BEARD          131 

Beard  grass 

72-4 

Buckwheat                        126 

Acacia                                 ib. 

Beard  throat 

72 

Buffalo  clover                  143 

Adam  and  Eve                   91 

Beard  tongue 

122 

Bu^bane                              86 

Addermouth                     113 

Beaver  tree 

'113 

Bugloss                         72,  95 

Addertongue                    119 

Bedstraw 

99 

Bullrush                            135 

Ag-ave                                  70 

Beech 

97 

Bunch  flower                    114 

Agrimony                           ib. 

Beech  drops       116, 

120,  128 

Burdock                                74 

Albany  hemp                    145 

Beehive 

114 

Burnet                               127 

Alder                      71,  87,  130 

Beet 

79 

Burnet  saxifrage              134 

Alexanders                        138 

Beggar-ticks 

ib. 

Burning  bush                     96 

Allspice                               82 

Bell-flower 

82 

Burr-flower                       105 

Almond                               72 

Bellwort 

145 

Burr-marygold                   79 

Allum  root                        103 

Bent  grass 

70 

Burr-reed                          139 

Aloe                                     71 

Betoiiy 

79 

Bush  clover                      HO 

Amaranth                    71,  101 

Bilberry 

145 

Bush  trefoil                        102 

Anemone                             73 

Bindweed 

89 

Butterfly  weed                 146 

Angelica                             ib. 

Birch 

79 

Button  bush                          84 

Apple                           90,  129 

Birdsnest 

116 

Butternut                          107 

Apricot                                75 

Birthwort 

75 

Buttouwood                    124 

Arathusa                             74 

Bishopweed 

72 

Arbor-  ritae                       142 

Bitter  lichen 

146 

C. 

Arbutus                               95 

Bitternut 

107 

Cabbage                            80 

Archangel                           73 

Bittersweet 

84,  138 

Calabash                               90 

Arnic                                     75 

Blackberry 

132      Calomint                           114 

Arrowgrass                       1  43 

Black-flower 

114      Camphor                      8&  100 

Arrow-head                      1  33 

Black-snake  root 

86 

Campion                         70,  90 

Arrow-wood                     147 

Bla  drier-campion 

00 

Canary  grass                    123 

Artemisia                            75 

Bladdernut 

140 

Cancer  root                       120 

Artichoke                            91 

Bladder  senna 

88 

Candy  tuft                         106 

Arum                            75,  120 

Bladderwort 

145 

Cane                                  J33 

Ash                               93,  139 

Blessed  thistle 

84 

Canterberry  bells              82 

Ashwort                              86 

Bliu-ht 

145 

Caper                                  96 

Asparagus                            78 

Blite 

79 

Caraway                          81-3 

Aspen                                126 

Blood  root 

134 

Cardinal  flower                1  ]  1 

Asphodel             76,118,142 

Blue-bottle 

84 

Cardoon                              91 

Aster                              76,  80 

Blue-curls 

143 

Carnation                            92 

Auricula                            127 

Blue-eycd-graSS 

137 

Carolina  potato                   89 

Avens                                100 
Awl-cap  moss                  101 

Blue-grass 
Blue-hearts 

125 
81 

Carpet  weed                    116 
Carrot                                   92 

Blue-thistle 

95 

Cased  fungus                     70 

B. 

Bog-rush            108, 

131,135 

Cassia                                83 

Bachelor's  button             101 
Balm                          114,  116 

Bouoset 
Borage 

97,  108 
80 

Caster-oil  plant                131 
Catalpa                .               S3 

Balm-of-gilead                126 

Bowman's  root 

140 

Catchfly                             137 

Balsam  apple                    11« 
Balsam  poplar                  126 

Box 
Box-flower 

81-9 
129 

Caterpi'llar-fern                135 
Caterpillars          '           136 

Balsam  tree            •           124 

Brake 

123 

Catmint                             118 

Balsam  weed                    108 

Bramble 

137 

Catnep                                  ib. 

Bane-berry                          69 

Brier-herb 

132 

Cat's  eve                           135 

Barberry                             79 

•Brittle  lichen 

70 

Cat-tail                              144 

Barley                                101 

Brompton  queens 

85 

Cedar                         90,  108 

Barn-grass                        12i 

B'*oinpiou  stock 

ib. 

Celandine                             85 

1>;i,i'                           119,128      Brookliiue 

1-16 

Celery                                 73 

Ba:iket-of-gold                    71 
Bass  wood                          142 

Brook-liverwort 
Brookweed 

113 

134 

Centaury                  84-6,  105 
Chan-seed                        135 

Bayiterry                           117 

Broom 

99,  139 

Cbamomiie           73,80,114 

B«ad  fungoa                    116      K.-oo:n  corn 

.  ib. 

Charlock                           130 

Bead  tree                          114 
Beau                   190,  123,  H'' 

Ji,;,  mi  gjass 
Buckbean 

80 
115 

Checker-berry                 116 
Cherry                      6$  128 

168 


INDEX. 


eherville 

85 

Dandelion 

108-9 

Flower-de-luce                106 

Chesnut 

70,83 

Darne!  grass 

111 

Flowering  fem                120 

Chess 

80 

Day-flower 

88 

Flowering  nettle                99 

Chickweed            7 

1-2,  82-4, 

Day-lily 

102 

i-  iim  ei  ing  rush                 135 

104,  ISO 

Dead-nettle 

108 

Flowering  wintergreen  125 

Chick-wintergreen 
China  aster 

143 

Decumary 

92 
130 

Flower-of-an-hour           103 
Fly  honeysuckle              148 

Chinquapin 

83 

Dewberry 

132 

Fog-fruit                            ib. 

Choke-berry 

75 

Dill 

73 

Follicle  vine                     122 

Choke-dog 
Chrvsanthemum 

91 
86 

JL'i>'h-fungns 
Dittany 

128 

Fork  duckweed              130 
Fork-fern                            69< 

Cicily 

85,117      Dock  " 

132 

Fork-mosS                            93 

C'inquefoil 

Dockmackie 

147 

Fork-spike                           73 

C/ives 

71 

Dodder 

91 

Fork-stems                      iSl 

Clary 

133 

Dog-bane 

73-4 

i-  other  gill's  bush               97 

Cleavers 
Climbing-fern 
Clott-burr 

112 
148 

Dogtaii  grass 
Dogtooth  violet 
Dcgweed 

95 
89 

Four  o'clock                     116 
Four  tooth  moss               l41 
Foxglove                     93,  lOO 

Cloud  berry 
Clover 

132 
143 

Dogwood 
Double-tooth  moss 

-69,  89 
93 

Foxtail                                71 
Fringe-tree                 86,  131 

Clown-heal 

140 

Dragon 

75 

Fritiilary                             98 

Club  funirus 
Club  n\oss 

S7 
112 

Dragon-head 

& 

Frog's  spittle                     88 
Frost  plant 

Club  rush 
Clump-head  graSs 
Cockle 

113,  135 
143 

70 

Dropseed  grass 
Duckmeat 
Dust-leaf 

117 
109 

72 

Fumitorv                              93 
Funegnek                        143 
Fungus-lichen                    81 

Cock's  crest 

8-1 

Dyer's  broom 

99 

Furze                               144 

Cohosh 

94-6 

Dyer's  w  eed 

130 

Colic-weed 

89 

G. 

CoU'*  foot 

144 

74 

E. 

Earth  moss 

123 

Galingale                           94 
Gall-of-tlie-earth 

Cwnfrey 

141 

Efflorescent  lichen 

139 

Garden  bean                     147 

Cone-flo-.ver 

132 

1C  7 

Esre-piant 
Elder 

188 
134 

Garlic                                    71 
Gay  feather                      110 

C'->  '"'••'•—  foot 
Coriander 
Cos(  mary 

91 
89 

78 

Elecampane 
Elephant  foot 
Elm 

106 
114 

Gem-fruit                          142 
Gentian                   100-7,141 
Geranium             96,  100,123 

10  1 

Endive 

86 

Germander                       111 

Cotton  grass 

9* 

Eye-bright 

97 

Gill-overground              100 

Cotton  thistle 

119 

Ginger                                  75 

Cotton  tree 

198 

F. 

Ginseng                             120 

Cotton  v.'ood 

tin 

False  flax 

142 

(i  lasswort                          133 

Cowhnge 
Cowslip 
Cow-wheat 
Coxcomb 
Crab  apple 

94 

ta.  »4 
i;i 

71 

129 

False  moss 
Feather-beds 
Feather-grass 
Fennel 
Fennel-flower 

108 
86 
140 

73,97 
118 

Globe-flower                     144 
Globe-thistle                        94 
(i  lobule-fungus                139 
Glue  seaweed                   144 
Goat's  beard                     143 

^'     J*WrK 

Cranberry 
Creeping  cereus 
Creeping  moss 
Crowberry 
Crowfoot 

120 
81 
114 

m 

191 

Feseue-grass 
Festoon  pine 
.pever-bufh 
Feverlew 
Fever  root 

97 
112 
109 
86 
143 

Goat's  rue                            99 
Golden  rod                        138 
Golden  thistle                   136 
GoM-of-pleasure              117 
Gold  thread                       89 

Crownbeard 

146 

97 

G(H>seberry                      J31 

<7rowncwp 

liji-* 

r-wort 

136 

Gourd                                  90 

Crown  imperial 
Cru  t  lichen 
Cbekow-flower 

93 
142 
82 

Filbert 

Fine—  haired  Tern 
Fivig-er  grass 

90 
93 
ifc 

lira  in  rust                         145 
Grape                           72,147 
Grape-fern                       80 

Cucumber           90, 
Caci>mber-tree 
Ctdvvr's  physic 
Currant 

114,  137 
113 

ea 

131 

Fir 
Fheweed 
Fivefinger 
Fbg 

124 
136 
127 
107 

Grass-pink                            9l 
Grass-weed                       110 
Greek  valerian                 125 
C  wen  brier                       137 

Currant-leaf 
Custard  apple 
Cut-grass 

73,  i2fi 
109 

Flat-cur,  lichen 

Flattop" 
Flax 

146 
ib. 
Ill 

Green  hair                          8C 
Gror.iweil                          119 
Ground  f  lower                 125 

Cypress 

85.  90 

Ftaxseed 

Flc-abaue 

199 

95 

Ground  ivy                       100 
Ground  ma.          74,100,120 

Floating  daisr 

96 

Ground  pine              Hi.  128 

P. 

Floating  heart 

147 

Groiini'M"                     7»i,'l36- 

Z>ajsy 

117 

78 

Floating  liverwort 
Flower-cup  fern 

131 

143 

Guelder  rose                     147 
Uuinca-hcn  flower 

INDEX 


1 6ft 


H. 

Indian  reed                        86 

Lilv-of-the-valley         so,  94 

Hackmatack                    *24 
Hagberry                            84 
Hairbt>ard 
Hair-cap  moss                  126 
Hair  grass 
Hair-mouth  moss             143 
Hardback                          140 

Indian  turnip                     75 
Indigo                  72,  106,  125 
Ink  berry                          127 
Ipecac                               140 
Iris                                     107 
Iron  wood                         120 
Itchweed                          146 

Lime                             37,  142 
Lime-grafs                        95 
Limodore                         110 
Lindern                               111 
Lip-fern                               85 
Liquorice                    99,  101 
Liveforever                       136 

Hawksbeard                      142 

Itea                                    107 

Liverleaf                           103 

Hawk  weed                  73,  103 

Ivy                                  100-2 

Liverwort                         131 

Ha?.le                            90,  lOl 

Lizard  tail                        134 

Heal-all                       1225  128 

J. 

Locust                               131 

Heart's  ease                     147 
Heart  seed                          82 
Heath                       95,  104-15 
Hedgehog            84,103,114 
Hedge  hyssop                  101 
Hedge  nettle                    140 
Hellebore                   102,146 
Helonias                            102 
Hemlock                   86-8  124 

Jacob's  ladder                  137 
Jalap                                      89 
Japan  shrub                       77 
Jasmine                          106-7 
Jerusalem  artichoke        102 
Jerusalem  cherry             138 
Jewel  weed          ,             106 
Job's  tear                           88 
Joe  pye                                97 

Lolly  bay                          10K 
Lombardy  poplar             12G 
Loosestrife                 99,113 
Lopseed                             123 
Lousewort                         12i 
Lovage                             1  10 
Love  apple                       138 
Love-lies-bleeding             71 
Lowcentaury                    125 

Hemp             69,  82,  92-6,'  14  5 
Hempweed                        96 
Henbane                             105 

John's  wort                105,  134 
Joint  weed                        125 
Jonquil                                118 

Lucerne  medic                 114 
Lungwort                          123 
Lupine                               H2 

Henbit                                 108 

Judas  tree                          84 

Herb  robert                       100 

July-flower                         85 

Hibiscus                            103 

Juniper                             108 

M. 

Hickory                             107 

Madder                              132 

Hidden  lichen                     95 

K. 

Madeira-nut                      107 

High  cranberry                14,7 

Kale                                   80 

Madwort-                             71 

High-water  shrub             107 

Krtmia                              103 

Magnolia                           113 

Hobble  bush                     147 

Kidney  bean                     123 

Maidenhair                         69 

Hogweed                             72 

Kidney  fern                      148 

Malabar-nut                      103 

Holly                            9£  !06 

Kingspear                           76 

Mallows    71,103-9-13-17  37 

Hollyhock                          71 

Knawel                             135 

Mandrake                          12v> 

Honesty                               1  1  2 

Krrobbed  lichen               140 

Maple                                   69 

Honewort                          1  37 

Knotgrass                  106,  125 

Marestail                            104 

Honeycomb  toadstool        79 

Knotweed                     125-6 

Marjoram                          119 

Honey  locust                     100 

Marsh  five-finger                88 

Honey-suckle  77,93,111,130 

Marsh  rosemary               140 

Honey  wort                         85 

L. 

Marsh  tea                          109 

Hoodwort                          136 

Ladies'  flag                      107 

Marygold                     81,  141 

Hoopash                              84 

Ladies'  slipper                   91 

Masterwort                        100 

Hop                                    104 

Ladies'  thumb                  126 

Matrimoi  y                      112 

Horehound                   112-13      Ladies'  tresses                  118 

May  applt»                         12,5 

Hornbeam                    83,  1  20      Lamb  lettuce                      97 

Mavweed                             73 

Horned  lichen                     89  •   Larch                                 124 

Meadow  beauty                130 

Horn  wort                            84 
Horse  balm                         88 

Larkspur                             92 
Latticed  fun  jus                   C7 

Meadow  grass            71,  125 
Meadow  rue                      141 

Horse  ginseng                  143 

Laurel                           lOS-1  3 

Meadow  sweet                140 

Horse  tail                            95 

Laurestine                         147 

Mechoacon                          89 

Hound  tongue                   91 

Lavender                      109-4') 

Medick                              114 

Houseleek                         136 

Leaf-cup                            126 

Medlar                         75,115 

Hyacinth                           104 
Hydrangea                     104.5 

Leaf-flower                      123 
Leafless  moss                     81 

Melic  grass                      114 
Melilot                                ib* 

Hygrometer  moss             99 

Leather                               148 

Mercury                         69,  85 

Hyssop                        lOi-6 

Leather  flower                  87 

Mermaid                      97,  127 

Leather  leaf                       72 

Mezereon                            92 

Leather  wood1                     94 

Mignonette-                       130 

I. 

Leek                                    71 

Milfoil                                 117 

Iceland  lichen                    85 

Lemon                                 87 

Milk  parsley                    136 

Ice  plant                      115*36 
Indian  corn                      148 

Leopard's  bane                   94 
Lettered  lichen                 1  19 

Milkway  plant                   99> 
Milkweed                            75 

Indian  cress                      144 

Lettuce                 97,  108,  127 

Milk  wort                    100,  125 

Indian  grass                       72 

Lichnidia                          123 

•Millet                                 us 

Indian  hemp                      74 

Lichnis                              112 

Millet  grass                        i&. 

Indian  mallows                137 

Life-everlastiag               101 

Mint                          115-16-28 

Indian  millet 
Indian  physic                    140 

Light  hair                         143 
Lilac                                   141 

Misseltoe                           147 
MkhridateinUifcml         142 

Indian  poke                     14# 

Lily                          72,102-10 

MHrewort                      14  -> 

iro 


INDEX. 


Mock  orange                  123 

Peat  moss                      139 

Ragwort                          iji, 

Monkey  flower                115 

Pellitory                           181 

Raspberry                        132 

Monk's  hood                     69 

Penny-cress                      142 

Rattle                                130 

Moonseed                         115 

Penny-royal                      lOl 

Rattlebox                          90 

Moosewood                       94 
Morel                              116 

Pennywort                105,119 
Peony                                120 

Rattlesnake  grass             £O 
Red  bud                              84 

Morning-  glory           89,  106 

Pepper                                 83 

Red  root                            93 

Moss  bush                           73 
Mother-of-thyme             142 
Mother  wort         78,  110,  1  IS 
Mould                                117 

Peppergrads                     110 
Peppendge                      119 
Peppermint                     115 
Periwinkle                        147 

Red  top                               70 
Reed                                    86 
Reed  grass                  75,  107 
Reed  mace                       144 

Mountain  mint                116 

Persimon                           93 

Rhubarb                           130 

Mousear                           lOl 

Peter's  wort                       76 

Ribbon  graes                   J2& 

Mousear  chickweed         84 

Pheasant's  eye                  69 

Ribwort                            124 

Mud  wort                          111 

Pickerel  weed                 12»i 

Rice                           110,  149 

Mugwort                           75 
Mulberry                    80,117 

Pignut                              107 
Pigweed                              85 

Rich-weed                        88 
Robert                               100 

Mullein                              146 

Pimpernel                        146 

Rocket                        81,103 

Mushroom                         70 

Pine                            184,128 

Rockrose                            86 

Muskmelou                         90 

Pink                             92^  123 

Roman  fern                      79 

Musquash                            86 

Pine  apple                         80 

Kose                           131,  132 

Mustard            87,  96,  137  -44 

Pink  root                          139 

Rosebay                      118,130 

Myrtle                             117 

Pimveed                            109 

Rosemary                    132-4O 

Pipestem                           72 

Rounrl.head                79,119 

N. 

Pipewort                             96 

Rue                                     132 

Narcissus                         118 

Pipsisewa                            8* 

Rush                            95,  145 

Jiasturtion                        144 

Pitcher-shield                   145 

Rush  grass                       107 

Navelwort.                       105 

Plane  tree                        124 

Rust                                    145 

INecklace  weed                 69 

Plantain                71,121,124 

Ruta-baga                          80 

Settle                  79,103,145 
Kettle  tree                         84 

Plowman's  spikenard       78 
Plowman's  wort                 89 

Rye                             95,  136 

^few-Jersey  tea                  84 

Plum                                  128 

s,. 

I^igliishade            77,86,138 

Poison  ash                         13  i 

Saffron                           83,90 

Ninebark                           140 

Poison  ivy-                          ib. 

Sage                                  133 

Nitweed                          134 

Poison  oak                        131 

Saint  John's  wort            105 

Poison  viue                        ib. 

Salt  grass                          110 

o. 

Poke                                  124 

Saltwort                            133 

Oak                               129-30 

Polyanthos                        n  8 

Samphire                            ib. 

Oak-leather                       148 

Polypod                             12G 

Sanicle                           13-1-7 

Oak-of-Jerusalem              85 

Pomegranite                     128 

Sand  wort                              74 

Oats                            77,  149 

Pond  lily.                            118 

Sarsaparilla                         ib. 

Okra                                   lo3 

Pond  weed.                127,  132 

Sassafras                           109 

Oleander                           118 

Poplar                                126 

Satin  flower                   liz 

Onion                                   71 

Poppy                         74,  121 

Savin                                   108 

Orach                                   77 

Potato                          89,138 

Savory                               134 

Orange                                87 

Prickly  <ish                      148 

Saxifrage                    86;l84 

Orchard                               92 

Prickly  fungus                  104 

Scabious                             135 

Orchis                          95,119 

Prickly  pear                        81 

Scabish                               119 

Orpine                        122,13ft 

Pride  weed                         95 

Scarlet  runner                  123 

Osw  ego-tea.                      116 

P.im                                  110 

Scorpion-weed                 1  17 

Ox-eye                        W,  102 

Primrose                           127: 

Scotch  broom                   139 

Prince's  feather                126 

Screw-stem                        78 

P, 

Prince's  pine                        85 

Scull-cap                           136 

Painted  cup                        78 
Palnia  christi.                   131 

Puff  ball                 112,135-40 
Pumpkin                             90 

Scurvy  grass                      88 
Sea  rushgrass                   ]  45 

Panic  grass                       121 

Punk                            104.  148 

Seaweed.                            98 

Pansey                             147 

Furslain                      107,  126 

Sedge                                  83 

Pappose  root                      84 

Pyramid  flower                98 

Seedbox                            111. 

Paniassus-grasa                121 

Selfheal                             128 

Parsley                          73,  84 

Q. 

Seneca  snakeroot             125 

Parsnip                      123,  1  37 
Partridge  berry?              Ii6 
Partridge  pea                     83 

Quake  grass                       80 
Queen-of-the-meadow-     140 
Quickset                              90 

Senna                                 83-8 
Sensitive  fern                   119 
Sensitive  plant            70,115 

Passion-flower                 1  8SL, 
Pea                            .10°,  124 

1.  Quince                               129 
s, 

Shad-bush                           75 
Shallot                                71 

Peach                                 7*' 

R. 

Sheep  berry                      147 

Pea-nut                               74 

Rabbit  foot                         143 

Shell-flower                      U6 

Pear                                   129- 

Radish                  88.96,130-7 

Shepherd's  pu.rsc            142 

£earlw*rt                       133 

tta-ged.  robin                  1  1  f.  |  Shin  leaf 

INDEX. 


Shiawood                       141 

Sweet  pepper  bush           87 

Vetchliag                        109 

Shot  bush                            74 

Sweet  william                    92 

Violet                    100-4,  147 

Sidesaddle                        134 

Sycamore                         124 

Viper's  grass                    136 

Simpler'sjoy                   146 
Single-seed  cucumber,  137 

Syringa                            123 

Virgin's  bower            77,87 

Skunk  cabbage               127 

T- 

w. 

Sloe                                   128 

Tamarack                        124 

Wake  robin                75,  143 

Smellage                         110 

Tamarisk                         14  1 

Walking  leaf                    76 

Sraut                                  145 

Tangle-legs                      147 

Wall  cress                           74 

Saailshell                         114 

Tansey                         78,141 

Wall-flower                       85 

Snakehead                          »5 

Tape  grass                       146 

Walnut                              107 

Snakeraouth                      74 

Tare                                   147 

Water  arunr                      8  1 

Snakevveed                       137 

Tassel  pond  weed            13% 

Watercress                 82,137 

Snakeroot                   75,  125 

Tea                             109,  142 

Water-flaxseed                109 

Snap-dragon                     73 
Snowball                           147 

Teasel                                 94 
Thin  grass                         143 

Water-horehound           1  1  % 
Water  leaf                       105 

Snowdrop                     71,  99 

Thistle     83-4*7,94,119,136 

Water  lily                        113 

Snuff-box                            77 

Thorn                          90,115 

Watermelon                       90 

Soap  wort                          134 

Thoroughwort            96,115 

Water  milfoil                   1JT 

Soft  grass                         104 

Threadioot                       125 

Water  moss                        97 

Solomon's  seal                  89 

Thread  moss                       8  1 

Water  nymph                   117 

Sorrel                                109 

Three-birds                        73 

Water  oats                        149 

Sour  gum                          119 

Thvme                     80-7,  142 

Water  pepper                  12"> 

Southernwood                   75 
Sowthistle                          138 

Timothy  grass                 123 
Toadflax                     73,  142 

Water  plantain                  7  1 
Watershield                      lOo 

Spanish  broom                139 

Toadstool                    79,  115 

Wax-liverwort                   73 

Spear  wort                         130 

Tobacco                69,111,118 

Waxweed                           9O 

Speedwell                         146 

Tomatoes                         138 

Weedgrass                        88 

Spice  bush                        109 

Tooth-ache  bash              148 

Wheat                              144 

Spider  wort                      142 
Spikenard                       74-8 

Tooth  cup                             72 
Toothwort                            92 

Wheat-thief                   ill 

Whip  grass                       i35 

Spinach                             139 

Touch-me-not                   106 

White  bush 

Spindle  tree                        96 

Touchwood                          79 

White  grass                      109 

Splecnwort                         76 

Tower  mustard                144 

White  top                           70 

Spring  beauty                    87 

Tree  moss                    87,  145 

White  wood                      111 

Spruce                               124 

Tree  primrose                 1  19 

Whitlow  gra*                   94 

Spurge                                97 

Trefoil                               102 

Whortleberry                  145 

Spurry                             ;  139 

Trickle                                & 

Willow                              133 

Spur-stem                       147 

Trumpet  flower                 79 

.  Willow  herb                95,113 

Squash                                  90 

Tuberose                           125 

Wind  flower                       7& 

Squawroot                        120 

Tulip                          127,  144 

Winterberry                     127 

Staff  tree                             84 
Star-flower                       76 

Tulip  tree                          111 
Tunnel  fungus                   91 

Winter-cherry                  123 
Wintergreen         »J,99,128 

Stargrass                            106 

Tupelo                               119 

Wiregniss                           95 

Star-of-Bethlehem           120 

Turnip                                  80 

Witch-hozle                     101 

Star  wort                      S$.140 

Turnsole                             104. 

Woad                                 107 

Steen-crout                       111 

Twin-berry                       148 

Wolf-bane                          69 

Steeple  bush                     140 

Twin-flower                    111 

Woodbine                         111 

Stitch  wort                        140 

Twin-lea                           107 

VVoodsage                         14* 

Stock 

T  way  blade                       113 

Woodsorrel                        120 

Stone-crop                        136 

Wormseed                          8*' 

Siuii(;»eed                         ill 

U 

Wormwood                        75 

Strawberry                     92-8 

Umbrella  grass                  98 

Succory                              86 

Umbrella  tree                   113 

y. 

Smrar  cane                      133 

Unicorn  plant                     ib. 

Yam-roof                            93' 

Sultan                                   84 

Unicorn  root                        71 

Yarrow                               69 

Sumach                             131 

Uvu-ursi                              74- 

Yellow  coxcomb              130 

Summer  cypress                85 
Sundew                                94 

V- 

Yellow-eyed  grass           148 
Yellow  rattle                    130? 

Sundrops                           1  19 

Valerian                            128 

Sunflower                   89,  W2 

Vegetable  oyster             143 

Yellow  root                       J48 

Sweet  briar                       132 

Venus'  flytrap                    93 

Yellow  seed                     14Z 

Sweet  cicily                      117 

Venus'  looking  glass         82 

Yew                                  141 

S.vvet  fern                          83 

Venus'  priile                     104^ 

j^ri          T«HJ 

Sweet  flag                          69 

Vernal  grass                   .OB 

•Tfl  A  TI^C»»^«^ 

Sweet  gale                        117 

Vervain                     J^m 

zfl^*AA'-Q3rw%|p 

§weet  gum                    111 

Vetch                  '7j|K*147| 

*  -^~^  ^r^r 

To  Students  in  Natural  History. 

A  third  edition  of  the  MANUAL  OF  BOTANY  by 

Mr.  Eaton,  is  in  a  state  of  preparation,  and  will  be  ready 
for  sale  about  the  month  of  January  next.  The  parts 
describing  the  Phinogamons  plants  will  be  considerably 
improved.  The  five  last  orders  of  the  class  Cryptogamia, 
will  be  entirely  written  over.  The  Musci  will  be  trans- 
lated from  B ridel,  the  Hepaticae  from  DeCandolte,  the 
Algae  from  Agardli,  the  Lichenes  from  the  last  work  of 
Acharius,  and  the  Fungi  from  Persoon.  Price  82. 

A  critical  CATALOGUE  of  plants  within  30  miles  of 
the  city  of  New- York,  by  Dr.  John  Torrey.  Price  gl. 

A  second  edition  of  the  BOTANICAL  DICTIONA- 
RY by  Mr.  Eaton,  is  already  published.  Price  SI. 

The  BOTANICAL  EXERCISES,  by  Mr.  Eaton. 
Price  50  cents. 

A  second  edition  of  the  INDEX  to  the  GEOLOGY  of 
the  Northern  States,  by  Mr.  Eaton,  is  already  published, 
with  two  neat  copper  plates.  It  is  entirely  written  aver, 
and  published  under  the  direction  of  the  Troy  Lyceum. 
It  commences  with  a  geological  alphabet ;  and  is  simpli- 
fied throughout,  with  a  view  to  assist  the  learner, as  well 
as  to  furnish  the  geologist  with  facts  of  importance  to 
the  Science.  Price  SI  50, 

All  the  above  books  will  be  kept  on  hand,  for  sale  by 
Websters  &  Skinners,  Albany ;  by  T.  &J.  Swords,  New- 
York;  by  Dobson  and  Son,  Philadelphia  ;  by  Howe  & 
Spalding,  Ne w -Haven ;  by  Goodwin  &  Sons,  Hartford  ; 
by  Cumming  &  Hill iard,  Boston  :  by  W.  S.  Parker, 
Troy  ;  by  W.  E.-^orman,  Hudson  5  and  by  S.  Butler, 
Northampton.' 


Renewed  books  are  subject  to  i 


_gHJLL\32U 

"WAY -8 1972 


^APR^ytfTTlL 

-W^TO7Z~ 

-$Rttwri^~ 

-poerst*- 


recall. 


T/D  21-50w-6,'59 
(A2845slO)476 


u«iSS^SS^ 

Berkeley 


i 


.    •    ; 


M246597 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


.        -•   «   «±   ^.;.  ~-"Z     :   S'-or^    .  -.S  c   ^e??0   ^S 

,;;5JrtffiiI! 


^Mllii 


